Free Essays on Jeffersonian

At the point when it went to the government Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans generally held an exacting translation of the Constitution contradicted the wide constructionism of Federalists somewhere in the range of 1800 and 1818. The Republicans exhibited the convictions of their gathering against those of the Federalists concerning the understanding of the government Constitution. The Jerrfersonian Republicans needed to give solid state governemnts to a country of ranchers. Jefferson, in light of a legitimate concern for his gathering and the country attempted to fight off war for and against the nation. Everything that Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Republican's did however, was contradicted by the Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and his devotees imagined a general public as an unmistakable difference to that of the Federalists. They needed to make a general public of gentelman ranchers with a little focal government that held negligible authority over the lives of the individuals and only served to ensure the individual privileges of everybody under the Constitution. Jefferson expressed to Presbyterian serve Samuel Miller, that the Constitution would be the main thing that the legislature would hold fast to, and not even God could change that. (Report B) This vision didn't happen. Jefferson was to direct a country that was consistently developing more Federalist. Jefferson was no â€Å"War Hawk.† Jefferson did all that he could to keep away from war, he went similarly as toestablished the Embargo Act, perhaps the most umpopular move of his political profession. This disallowed ships leaving American ports for any remote goal. This demonstration was passed in would like to keep away from encounter with threatening vessels. Because of the Embargo Act, there was a financial downturn, especially in the Northeast, as introduced in Alexander Anderson’s political sketch of â€Å"OGRABME, or The American Snapping-turtle.† (Document C) because of the ban, a third revision was proposed to the Hartford Convention, January 4, 1805: This pre... Free Essays on Jeffersonian Free Essays on Jeffersonian At the point when it went to the government Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans typically held an exacting understanding of the Constitution restricted the expansive constructionism of Federalists somewhere in the range of 1800 and 1818. The Republicans exhibited the convictions of their gathering against those of the Federalists concerning the understanding of the government Constitution. The Jerrfersonian Republicans needed to give solid state governemnts to a country of ranchers. Jefferson, in light of a legitimate concern for his gathering and the country attempted to fight off war for and against the nation. Everything that Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Republican's did however, was contradicted by the Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and his adherents imagined a general public as a distinct difference to that of the Federalists. They needed to make a general public of gentelman ranchers with a little focal government that held negligible authority over the lives of the individuals and just served to secure the individual privileges of everybody under the Constitution. Jefferson expressed to Presbyterian serve Samuel Miller, that the Constitution would be the main thing that the legislature would stick to, and not even God could change that. (Record B) This vision didn't happen. Jefferson was to manage a country that was constantly developing more Federalist. Jefferson was no â€Å"War Hawk.† Jefferson did all that he could to stay away from war, he went similarly as toestablished the Embargo Act, perhaps the most umpopular move of his political profession. This restricted boats departing American ports for any remote goal. This demonstration was passed in would like to keep away from encounter with unfriendly vessels. Because of the Embargo Act, there was a financial downturn, especially in the Northeast, as introduced in Alexander Anderson’s political drawing of â€Å"OGRABME, or The American Snapping-turtle.† (Document C) because of the ban, a third correction was proposed to the Hartford Convention, January 4, 1805: This pre...

Lizards Evolution From Snakes Essays - Snake, Lizard, Monitor

Reptiles Evolution From Snakes A large number of years the planet was overwhelmed by reptiles extraordinary and little. It was a spot administered by the laws of characteristic determination where the best way to endure was to have the option to protect yourself with what you had. It was a steady battle for food, safe house, and incomparability. It was about natural selection, in light of the fact that just on the off chance that you were most appropriate to your condition would you get an opportunity at living to imitate. Here and there adjusting to one's condition could make a totally different species inside and out. During when dinosaurs strolled the earth littler reptiles must be imaginative to safeguard their endurance. The dinosaurs, due to their size where the harassers of the earth. On the off chance that reptiles needed food they had to some how sneak around the large dinosaurs so as to abstain from turning out to be food themselves. A types of reptile known as the Ear-less Monitor appeared to be very all around adjusted to neutralize this issue. Their eyes had an unmistakable defensive focal point which permitted them to go into the water looking for food and sidestep the land meandering dinosaurs all together. One significant issue before long confronted the Ear-less Screens as they continued looking for sustenance. It appeared that the ocean abiding animals had started to get on to the way that these reptiles were attacking their region for food. The ocean occupants responded by supplicating on the reptiles who came into the water to eat. After numerous passings adrift one brilliant little Ear-less Screen chose to attempt another methodology at acquiring food. This specific Screen was singled out by the entirety of different Monitors since he and his family had arms and legs that were shorter and littler than everybody else's. The would bother him and his family saying that their genetic stock had minimal hereditary variety. In any case, he didn't let that get him down. He figured that with his thickset arms and legs that he could tunnel under ground to discover food. He utilized his unmistakable defensive focal points over his eyes to keep out earth and shakes. He was certain that he could locate some heavenly night crawlers and different things to take care of himself. It was like an everything you can eat buffet until the entirety of the other short outfitted Monitors got the word. The short outfitted Monitors lived joyfully under ground while the remainder of the species rapidly vanished. After some time hereditary changes happened which in the long run left the Monitors without any appendages by any stretch of the imagination. They simply had long slim bodies which empowered them to tunnel effectively and rapidly. So as to disregard the torment that their predecessors had been exposed to by the since quite a while ago outfitted Screens the gathering chose to be referred to starting there on as snakes. The snakes before long chose to give life on Earth's surface one more opportunity since now they were a lot faster than the dinosaurs who had eaten up the Monitors. They adjusted to their new condition rapidly with a leg-less method of movement. After some time they advanced and grew more resistance components to turn into the Snakes we know them as today. A huge number of years back the planet was overwhelmed by reptiles incredible and little. It was a spot administered by the laws of regular determination where the best way to endure was to have the option to shield yourself with what you had. It was a consistent battle for food, asylum, and matchless quality. It was about endurance of the fittest, on the grounds that just in the event that you were most appropriate to your condition would you get an opportunity at living to replicate. Now and then adjusting to one's condition could make an entirely different animal groups inside and out. During when dinosaurs strolled the earth littler reptiles must be inventive to safeguard their endurance. The dinosaurs, due to their size where the domineering jerks of the earth. On the off chance that reptiles needed food they had to some how sneak around the huge dinosaurs so as to abstain from turning out to be food themselves. A types of reptile known as the Ear-less Screen appeared to be very much adjusted to check this issue. Their eyes had a clear defensive focal point, which permitted them to go into the water looking for food what's more, sidestep the land. Meandering dinosaurs all together. One significant issue soon confronted the Ear-less Monitors as they continued looking for sustenance. It appeared that the ocean abiding animals had started to get on to the way that these reptiles were attacking their region for food. The ocean occupants responded by asking on the reptiles who came into the water to eat. After numerous

New Media Task Force Student Group COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Media Task Force Student Group COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog There are lots of ways for SIPA students to keep busy and pursue their interests.   One way is through student groups.   Currently there are 37 student groups at SIPA and one of the newest groups is the New Media Task Force.     The following post was submitted by Sawako Sonoyama. ___________________________ I would like to introduce a new student group at SIPA, the New Media Task Force. We are thrilled that our student group exists at SIPA. The time is rightâ€"there has been a tremendous need for this community at SIPA: a student group that focuses on information and communication technology for development, crisis mapping, and mobile for health. The New Media Task Force was initiated under the supportive umbrella of the UN Studies Program Working Group. Launching as the “UNICEF New Media Task Force”, we focused on research, internship, and networking opportunities with the UNICEF innovations department. Although the Task Force started as a small group of interested individuals, the number of people engaged in the Task Force grew every year.  In DATE Sean Blaschke ( MIA 2010) and his team received the first-place award in the ‘Development 2.0 Challenge’ of the US Agency for International Development. For this project, they worked with RapidSMS, a system leverages basic mobile phones and text messages, to collect health information and improved the speed and quality of health data collection in Malawi. This award brought a lot of media attention to SIPA and its activities in technology for development, especially in the use of mobile. The biggest turning point for the New Media Task Force was the launch of crisis mapping at SIPA. On February 27, 2010, SIPA students were listening to Patrick Meier speak at a conference titled “Policy Making in the Digital Age,” hosted by The Morningside Post. He spoke about a process called “crisis mapping” and a new technology platform called Ushahidi that had greatly aided relief workers after the Haiti earthquake.  That same day, a tremendous earthquake of magnitude 8.8 occurred off the coast of the Maule Region of Chile. When Meier asked if anybody was interested in holding crisis mapping training sessions for the Chile earthquake, SIPA students stepped in. From a volunteer standpoint, the earthquake could not have happened in a worse timingâ€"during midterms. However, brutal econ tests did not phase SIPA students. Within 48 hours of the earthquake, over 60 students were trained to monitor media sources, map GPS coordinates, and report earthquake related incidents. For weeks after the earthquake, countless students stopped by the Situation Room to help out. We were so impressed with the passion and dedication that SIPA students demonstrated in assisting the people of Chile. These actions were a true testiment of the character of SIPA students. Ushahidi-Chile brought a tremendous amount of media attention to SIPA, which included Al Jazeera filming a training session. The Ushahidi-Chile instance was a great example of how students can mobilize and make a tangible difference to those in need, continents away.   At that time, we also recognized that Chile was only one of many crises, and that there was great potential in formalizing and institutionalizing Crisis Mapping at SIPA so that students would be able to assist in future crises. Additionally, we realized that we had the opportunity to bring extremely valuable skills to SIPA students, skills that are in high demand by organizations such as OCHA, the World Bank, and other agencies. During the chaotic time of crisis mapping for the Chile earthquake, it was decided that the New Media Task Force would branch out from UNSPWG and officially become a student group. The New Media Task Force was approved officially at the end of May 2010. We truly appreciate UNSPWG’s support, providing us with both institutional and moral guidance in launching our student group. We would also like to thank  Professor Lindenmayer for her guidance in working on the earthquake relief; her experience in Haiti gave us a deeper insight on what it means to work in a crisis situation. Thanks to their guidance and SIPA’s support, the Task Force now has the capacity to make an impact in the fields of crisis mapping  and information and communication technology for development. The New Media Task Force’s  mission  is to increase student knowledge of how technology can support decision-making in international affairs and to expand opportunities for students within the information and communication technology for development space. Through projects, panels, and events, we aim to create a community around new media for development and promote practical research and internship opportunities for SIPA students. Additionally, the New Media Task Force supports SIPA curriculum development around technology for development. Our students and alumni work globally with organizations such as The Earth Institute, UNICEF, OCHA, Ushahidi, and UNDP. One of our primary activities is Crisis Mapping, an international effort to respond to disasters around the globe, and our volunteers provide essential information within the first few essential days following a disaster. We look forward to welcoming more students who is interested in technology and development.

Essay on Ischemic heart disease

Essay on Ischemic heart disease Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a disease characterized by disturbance of blood supply to the heart due to narrowing and occlusion of coronary artery with atherosclerotic plaques. As a result of progression of atherosclerosis vascular lumen is gradually decreased, and as a result, blood flow to the heart is slowed down, whereby the myocardium (heart muscle) loses the necessary power. Risk Factors: Unbalanced diets that promote blood cholesterol levels. Overweight. Lack of exercise. Smoking and alcohol abuse. Hypertensive heart disease. Diabetes. Chronic stress. Inborn and inherited diseases. Signs of coronary artery disease. The main symptom of the disease is pain. However, in the early stages of the disease patients may be concerned about a feeling of discomfort in their chest during exercise, which goes away after a short while. People who have IHD not only feel pain in the chest, but it can also spread to the left arm, neck and the shoulder blade. Along with the increase of pain, patients with are faced with dyspnea first under intense, later performing simple actions (e.g, walking), and at later stages all the time. People with IHD often complain of palpitations (reinforced, frequent, strong perceivable beats) and interruptions (feeling chest fading) of the heart. Often these changes are recorded on an electrocardiogram. Besides the symptoms mentioned above, patients are accompanied by weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and, rarely, fainting. There are several forms of ischemic heart disease: sudden cardiac death, angina, myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction and arrhythmic form. We can say that the most formidable of these is angina. It is characterized by recurrent seizures that happen suddenly, often after physical or psycho-emotional stress. The patient feels a sense of lack of air, pain radiating to the neck, arm, shoulder blade, lower jaw. These attacks are provoked by factors like high blood pressure, alcohol, hearty meal, low temperatures. First aid in the event of angina is to eliminate the factors that trigger an attack to calm a person down, stop the exercise. The following step would be to secure a flow of air and take a sedative. This tool expands the coronary vessels, a spasm of which is the reason for the attack. In the absence of timely assistance, a portion of heart muscle cells die from a lack of food developing myocardial infarction. Treatment of coronary heart disease: Therapy for this disease should be appointed only by a doctor. An arsenal of medicines taken with IHD, is quite large, and usually the patient is taking several medications from different groups, namely nitrates to prevent attacks; antiplatelet therapy blood thinners (prevention of thrombotic events); blockers normalize rhythm; calcium antagonists expanding coronary vessels feeding the myocardium; statins and fibrates reduce cholesterol in the blood; drugs that enhance metabolism in the cardiac muscle. Most of the drugs are prescribed for life and their self-cancellation is fraught with complications and deterioration. Preventive measures: Full, balanced, regular meals. Also, there is a list of products to be excluded from the ration: diet products, sources of cholesterol and saturated fats (fatty meat, bacon, sausages, dumplings, cream, oil, dairy products with a high percentage of fat). On the other hand, fruits, herbs, vegetables, lean meats, seafood and sea fish, low-fat dairy products, cereals, legumes, mushrooms, vegetable oils, nuts, etc are good for IHD patients and optimal for their diet. Weight is another great issue, to reduce weight, it is necessary to carefully monitor the high calorie foods, excluded from the diet animal fats and digestible carbohydrates. It is also useful to periodically arrange fasting days. Regular physical activity is helpful, but one should be careful, not to cross the line, as over exercise can be dangerous. Hiking, domestic work, therapeutic exercises these simple measures will help to improve the performance of the heart. Absence of stress, refusal of bad habits like drinking alc ohol and smoking, control of blood pressure, can help prevent IHD and heart diseases in general. The main high-tech way to restore coronary artery is percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. You can judge the essence of this manipulation on the basis of its name: Percutaneous indicates that the introduction of the catheter into the vessel through puncture of the skin. Transluminal means that all manipulations are carried out through the vessels. Balloon means that the recovery of the affected coronary artery lumen occurs by balloon inflation in vasoconstriction. Coronary means that the effects are on the coronary arteries, ie arteries supplying the heart. Angioplasty means that the impact made ​​on the vessel (from the word angio a vessel). References Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease). Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease). N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2014. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/heart_vascular_institute/conditions_treatments/conditions/coronary_artery.html. Rimmerman, Curtis M. Coronary Artery Disease. Coronary Artery Disease. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2014. http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/#s0175. Tardif, Jean-Claude. Coronary Artery Disease in 2010. European Heart Journal. Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Università © De Montrà ©al, 5000 Belanger Str, Montreal, Canada H1T 1C8, n.d. Web. 13 July 2014. http%3A%2F%2Feurheartjsupp.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F12%2Fsuppl_C%2FC2.full.

Child Interview Essay - 2085 Words

The interview I conducted took place in the courtyard of my complex in Smallville, with the interviewee and myself. For the purpose of his paper and to protect the adolescent privacy lets call her Regina. Regina is a fourteen-year-old adolescent female of Africa American descent. She is above average in height and carries a very shy and nonchalance deposition. She is a very attractive young lady and does above average work in her school setting. She appears to be a normal every day child with a lifetime of experiences awaiting her. Regina was the daughter of my life long best friend and he approved of the interview, however he was not present during the interview. The Interview took place on February 10 at about 5:00 pm it lasted†¦show more content†¦Nobody is the same because each person will form his own identity to what ever they want to be like† I went on to ask her about school and how she felt about it and the relationships that she has gathered while being there. She was open and forward about school. She didn’t care for it too much. She believed that it was more of a fashion show that didn’t charge admission than an institution of learning. She felt that this was how and why most of the children at school got recognized and established their so call status at school. About her friends and the selection process, she was reserved and settle with the position of dealing with friend that have being around through-out her elementary experience. Meaning that she does not set out to make new friends, she would prefer to relish and maintain the ones that she presently has. I then addressed the violence in the schools, Regina admitted she does not feel safe at all and that she has seen violence on a regular basis. She has also has been a victim of it. She states and maintains that television is to blame. She feels children watch and bring it to school, especially the wrestling moves, and violent behavior. The literature also feels and backs her opinion on violence. Violence among our youth has spread widely throughout the nation. This can be linked to several problems in our society, but mainly one. The constant barrage of television and media violence causes deviant behavior inShow MoreRelatedEffective Methods During An Interview With A Child789 Words   |  4 Pagesduring an interview with a child who has witnessed or been a victim in traumatic incidents such as kidnapping, abuse or homicide. There have been several studies conducted in the United States as well as internationally on the topic of interviewing children. In this briefing you will find the most common factors that scholars have established as being the most effective methods that hold up in court. First in this briefing we will discussed, the benefit of trained staff to conduct interviews, next theRead MoreDevelopment Of A Child Through An Interview Essay2014 Words   |  9 Pages The purpose of this assignment is to closely observe the development of a child through an interview and apply the theories and concept of child development in his particular cultural and educational context. I selected the child who lives in my neighborhood for the interview and began with seeking the permission from his parents. The child’s name is ‘Abdullah’ and he is seven years old. He lives with his family in Terre Haute and his family consists of parents and two sisters. Abdullah goes toRead MoreChildren s Testimonial Accuracy Has A Impact On A Child s Performance During An Interview1975 Words   |  8 Pagesthe topic of children’s testimonial accuracy has become a largely studied area. It has been suggested that an interviewers bias and suggestibility has a powerful impact on a child’s performance during an interview (Cleveland, Quas Lyon, 2016). Suggestibility affects the extent to which a child is able to retrieve and report on events du e to psychological or social influences (Milne Bull, 2003). Suggestibility is brought forth through psychological or social influences, such as suggestive questioningRead MoreAn Interview On Child Welfare1156 Words   |  5 PagesAs a helping professional focused on child welfare, educational resources are essential to provide children with adequate support. Often times, the children’s’ advocates, caregivers and volunteers, need assistance connecting with the school to secure social work services. There have been countless occurrences where the child is faltering academically and the school is unaware that they are in foster care. The teachers are overworked and unable to identity which children are in the greatest needRead MoreChild Development Interview Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesLatoyac11 M. White March 4, 2011 Child Interview Questions 4-12 Emotional Development: Are you afraid of anything? Yes, when my mom walks to the gas station and when she takes a long time to get back it scares me. I am afraid of spiders, because when I watch them on TV and they are in people’s bed and houses and if they bite you it makes a giant bite mark as big as a your hand, its inside is blue and the outside is red. What makes you angry? When people talk about me and my brother Read MoreInterview With a Parent of a Child with Special Needs1366 Words   |  6 Pages I interviewed a woman who has a child with special needs. The child is now in kindergarten. The mother reported having a normal pregnancy with no complications. This was the second child for the mother, who has another child who was five years old at the time. The mother disclosed that during the pregnancy, she was in the process of separating from the child’s father and that this caused a moderate level of stress. At the time of the pregnancy, the mother was also working full time as a waitressRead MoreMaternal And Child Health Interview Analysis1754 Words   |  8 Pages Maternal and Child Health Interview Analysis By: Brittany Thomas HCA415: Community Public Health Instructor: Javier Zarate August 23, 2015 â€Æ' Introduction The health of all Americans is a significant public issue in today’s society. Particularly, at concern is the health of women and children. â€Å"Infants, children, and teenagers are a demographically important group that forms a large percentage (nearly one-quarter of the total population) of the United States† (sec 5.1). Children’s healthRead MoreTherapist Interview. The Field Of Child Counseling Has1406 Words   |  6 PagesTherapist Interview The field of child counseling has been enriched through the integration of play therapy within different therapeutic approaches, as this method allows children to express thoughts and feelings that they might not be able to convey any other way due to their limited vocabulary (Henderson Thompson, 2016). Over the past eight years, MacGill (2017) has built both her private practice, as well as functioned as a school counselor for students with special needs, MacGill demonstratesRead MoreA Hypothetical Interview With Parents of a Child With Special Needs2429 Words   |  10 PagesA Hypothetical Interview with Parents of a Special Needs Child A Hypothetical Interview with Parents of Special Needs Child Discuss the family background and history briefly--pregnancy, birth, infancy, toddlerhood, preschool with associated milestones. Mother: We tried for several months to get pregnant before we were successful. We both were reluctant to try for a child again because of a traumatic miscarriage I experienced several years prior. We both really wanted to be parents and made a toughRead MoreMotherhood: Addicted Mothers965 Words   |  4 Pagesparticipant`s life-world, a qualitative methodology is the best approach (Kvale, 2002). Data were collected using individual semi-structured in-depth interviews, in order to produce thick descriptions. A thick description is one that explains a human behavior in its context, so that the behavior becomes meaningful, also from an outsiders’ point of view. The interviews were divided into three main sections, consisting of descriptions of everyday life here and now with small children, growing up in a family

Genetically Modified Organism and Monsanto Free Essays

Does Monsanto maintain an ethical culture that can effectively respond to various stakeholders? Monsanto Company is trying to maintain an ethical culture with various stakeholders. The company used the concept of Social Responsibility and Business Ethics to create a reputation value to various stakeholders. For instance, Monsanto gave fifteen million dollars to Donald Danforth Plant Science Center to do crop research in Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetically Modified Organism and Monsanto or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, the fund helped Brazilian children to maintain good health and basic hygiene. Additionally, Monsanto supported students who want to study agriculture. However, Monsanto Company’s regulation had become financial burden to many farmers. Farmers who buy seeds from Monsanto could not saved for future plant. Otherwise, Farmers will have to pay for Monsanto when they find out. Furthermore, Monsanto produced products that involved in the risk of animals and human health. Some of Monsanto’s actions should considered moral temptation. #2. Compare the benefits of growing GMO seeds for crops with the potential negative consequences of using them. As the GM seeds introduced to the United States and across the globe since 1990, many farmers stopped complaining failure of crops. This had helped farmers spent little expenses, but gain as triple profits. Farmers who using GM seeds applauded the existence of Monsanto Company, because with the same acre of land, they are able to double the crops. Thus, as far as the farmers are making profits, they will continue buying the GM Seeds. For this reason, there is a major concerned for consumer that the GM seeds could affect human and animals’ health for using it. However, the FDA clarified that â€Å"biotech crops are safe to use†, but critics’ doubt about the short-term period of GM seeds which unable to determined the long-term effects. 3. How should Monsanto manage the potential harm to plant and animal life from using product such as Roundup? Monsanto Officials wanted to calm the situation. They clarified to the critics that EPA has been studies and approved for Roundup Ready. Environment and human health won’t get effective. The company also defends that even though â€Å"1% of glyphosate contaminate ground water, it is soluble and will not have much effect on aquatic species† (P. 307). Reference Ferrell, O. C. , Fraedrick, J. , Ferrell, L. , (2008), Business Ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. Boston, MA: Houghton Miffin Company How to cite Genetically Modified Organism and Monsanto, Papers

Used Cars What main factor that affects the price of a second hand car Essay Example

Used Cars What main factor that affects the price of a second hand car Essay A number of factors such as age, mileage and engine size all affect the second hand price of car but the factor that I feel affects the price most is mileage the car has done. I believe this to be true because as a car travels more and more miles the engine and the other parts of the car have lot of strain put on them and so begin to wear, which then makes the car less and less reliable. Therefore this is apparent in the second price of the car.The price spread of the small sized cars will be the smallest. This is because the engine size range of the car small sized cars is quite small and as the small sized cars to not depreciate fast. The large sized car will have the largest price spread, as the engine size range is the biggest and also because luxury cars that are quite expensive tend to have large engines sizes. That is why the price of the large sized cars will be greatest.Small sized cars depreciate a lot slower in price than large engine sized cars. I believe this because sma ll sized cars have a fairly low price any way and so the price of those cars wont drop as dramatically as others. Also small sized cars have a bigger demand than large cars as large cars are more expensive to maintain and run.IntroductionIn this investigation I will collect information on a sample of cars from a used car database and then present this data many ways such as scatter graphs and cumulative frequency graphs. I will do this to find out what is the main factor that factors the second hand price of a car. Factors that can affect the second hand price of a car are as follows:AgeA car that is five years old will cost less then the same car which is less than a year old as the five year old car has had more wear and tear so will not be as reliable as it was before, so this will lower its price on sale.MakeA prestigious make car will cost more than a car that is not so prestigious, even if they have the similar specifications as the prestigious car is very much sort and signif ies the owners wealth and status.ModelA newer model car will cost more than older model car that has gone out of production as the newer model is more safe and is packed with the latest technology where as the older model will have out dated safety features and technology so would not be in as much demand so the older model will have to sell for less.OptionsThe options put on a car determine the price of it, such as a car with low-profile Alloy wheels, Satellite navigation, Upgraded Audio System etc, will sell for a higher price compared to the same car but with standard options as the car with all the upgraded features is more sort after and more impressive than the basic car.MileageA car with a high mileage will sell for a lower price compared to a similar car with a low mileage because a high mileage means more wear on the engine which will reduce the performance and reliability of the car.Engine sizeThe engine size of a second hand car can affect it price. As a small engine car would have less power and do more mile to the gallon than a larger engine car with more power but less miles to the gallon.ColourThe colour of a car could affect its second hand price, for example a car that is bright pink in colour will appeal to less people compared to a more moderate coloured silver car.In my investigation I will be looking at how the Mileage, Age and Engine size of a second hand car affect its price. I have chosen these factors to investigation as I think they are the most relevant to the price of a car and the most important things to consider when purchasing a second hand car.Obtaining a sample of carsFrom the database of used cars I will collect a sample of 50 cars. I will only use 50 cars in this investigation as I feel that this is enough to get a good outcome from. If the sample I take is too big it will be too had to work with and if the sample is to small then I wont get I reliable outcome.First I will have spilt the database into groups of small, medium and large sized cars. I will do this so that I can get a sample of cars that covers the range of car sizes and is not concentrated in one particular size of cars. In order to get a reliable sample of cars I will take a stratified sample of 50 cars. This means that the ratio of the different sized cars in the sample of 50 cars will have to be as in the database.To insure that the sample I take is random and fair, I will first give every car in the database a unique number to identify each by, then I will use the random button on a calculator to pick out the cars in will use in my sample.What is meant by small, medium, and large size car?The cars in the used car database are split into groups by the size of their engines. Small cars having an engine size of 1500cc or lower. Medium cars having an engine size that is between 1800cc and 1500cc. Large cars having engines greater than 1800cc.Presenting and analysing the sample of carsFrom the sample of cars I hope to test the hypothesis t hat have been stated previously and see if they are correct. To do this I have to interpret and analyse the sample of cars in many different ways. I will put the cars ages against the price, mileage against price and engine size against the price.Using the data collected from the sample of cars I will plot scatter diagrams for, age against price, mileage against price and engine size against price. I will then draw a line of best fit on each scatter diagram in order to able to estimate the prices of others cars, as the line of best fit will show the trend in the second hand price of the cars against each of the factors. Also the line of best fit on the scatter graphs will show which size of car depreciates the fastest.From the scatter diagrams I hope to see that the factors of mileage and age have a negative correlation with the second hand price of the cars. As these factors increases, the second hand price of cars should decrease. This should be apparent in the scatter diagrams of these two factors against the second hand price of the cars. In contrast to this, the scatter diagram with engine size against the second price I believe should show a positive correlation, in other words as the engine size of a car increases so should the price.After using the scatter diagrams, I will use Spearmans rank correlation coefficient to present the data. I will be using spearmans because it will show how strong the correlations are as it will measure it on a scale. The data will be measured on a scale from -1 to +1. -1 being perfect (100%) negative correlation, +1 being perfect (100%) positive correlation and 0 being no correlation. Using spearmans rank correlation coefficient will man it will be easy see which factor has a best agreement with the price of second hand car.I will use cumulative frequency graphs and box plots to analyse the prices of the different size cars groups in the sample of cars. I will use it to see how big the inter-quartile range of each group is and also where the median fits in the cumulative frequency graphs. From looking at how big the inter-quartile range and bow plots are of each size of car I will be able to tell how big the spread in price is.Hopefully from using the methods mentioned previously about how I am going to handle the data I will be able to make a conclusion and find out the main factor that affects the price of a second hand car. Also I will be able to find out which car size has the biggest price spread and depreciation.Sample of carsIn order to carry out this investigation, I will need to collect a sample of 50. the reasons for collecting a sample of 50 cars I have already explained previously. So now I am going to actually collect the sample of 50 cars.First, as I want to collect a stratified sample of 50 cars, the number of different size cars, small, medium and large cars has to be proportionally representative of the whole population of cars in the used car database from I am collecting my sample of cars.There are a total of 251 cars in the database.69 Small cars90 medium cars92 Large carsTotal number of cars = 251So the ratio is,69:89:92Now to find how this ratio of cars that should be in the sample of 50 cars,Small cars:(50 / 250) x 69 = 13.8Medium cars:(50 / 250) x 89 = 17.8Large cars:(50 / 250) x 92 = 18.4In the sample of 50 cars there need to be:14 Small cars18 Medium cars18 Large carsNow that I now the proportions of the different sized cars that are meant to be in the sample I can go on to select the cars from the database. I am going to do this buy giving every car in the database a number. Then I am going to use the random button to pick out the right amount of cars from each category that I need in my sample. Then after doing this I will the car into a table.Below is the sample of 50 cars that I selected.SAMPLE IDENTITY NO.ENGINE TYPEENGINE SIZE (cc)MILEAGEAGEPRICE1SMALL110040000529952SMALL110027000263993SMALL120046000524004SMALL120017395149995SMALL12002760173996SM ALL130019880244997SMALL130051000534958SMALL140040087999SMALL140035480799910SMALL1400124702719911SMALL140095401929912SMALL1400196903619913SMALL15008000011200014SMALL1595980007349515MEDIUM1600190001579916MEDIUM1600417604469917MEDIUM1600693011019918MEDIUM1600179002609919MEDIUM1600249003629920MEDIUM16001001149921MEDIUM1700492605699922MEDIUM1700220702599923MEDIUM1799365345699924MEDIUM1800186202919925MEDIUM1800172003999926MEDIUM1800495894549927MEDIUM1800494011739928MEDIUM1800292001489929MEDIUM1800677803869930MEDIUM1800800007500031MEDIUM1800493011329932MEDIUM1800197701859933LARGE19001732021019934LARGE19001819011559935LARGE1900650004829536LARGE19001416001469937LARGE2000232942899938LARGE20001313011069939LARGE2000255204569940LARGE20002742011819941LARGE20001287911129942LARGE20001434521499943LARGE2000234903699944LARGE22002305021969945LARGE22001112021299946LARGE2300927911299947LARGE25003700021395048LARGE250030002699949LARGE2800534404899950LARGE390025000418000Scatter graphs to show depreciationBe low are three scatter graphs that I have plotted to show which size of car depreciates the fastest and which size of car hold it is value longest.On these graph I also plotted lines of best fit as through finding the equation of the line I can then figure the depreciation.Scatter graphsFrom the first three scatter graphs I was able to analyse the data from the sample of cars. All three factors Engine size, Mileage and Age were put against the second hand price. I did in order to find out how each factor affects the second hand price of a car. Below are the findings from the scatter graphs.What do the Scatter graphs illustrate?Most basically the scatter graphs show that as the Engine size of cars increase so too does the second hand price of the cars. Also when the mileage and age of cars increase so too does the second hand price of cars.Scatter Graph 1Scatter graph 1 on page 7 shows that the engine size has a positive correlation with the second hand price of a car. This means that as the engine size increases so too does the price. Looking at the points on the scatter graph, it shows that quite clear that this is true. As the scatter graph also shows that some cars with the same engine size have different prices it means that there are other factors that too affect the price. Even though other factors do also affect the second hand price of a car the scatter graph clearly demonstrates that engine size is a major factor. The mean point is in the middle of where most of the points are concentrated and alongside the line of best fit on the graph. Through this the mean point suggest that the price of cars with different engine sized isnt that far spread and also this is suggested the scatter graph because most of the points are concentrated quite near each other. Using the line of best fit that is also on the scatter graph I can use it to estimate the value of other cars with different engine sizes. Estimating the value of a car that has an engine size that woul d fit in where most of the sample of cars are concentrated on scatter graph would give a reliable estimate value of the car because there is already data on the scatter graph that would suggest this value. Where if the engine size of car was more towards where there arent many cars on the graph then the estimate value of the car wouldnt be that accurate as there isnt enough data on the scatter graph of similar cars. For example estimating the value of a car that has the engine size 1500cc, which from the line of best fit shows that the price could be around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8,500 would be accurate.Scatter graph 2Scatter graph 2 on page 8 shows there is a negative correlation between the second hand price and mileage of car. The points of data from the sample of cars on the scatter graph show that there is agreement between the data the second hand price is more wide spread as the points are fairly loose and spread. Also the scatter graph suggest that where the mileage is fairly small the value of the fall in price of car is quite steep, but the mile age gets higher the point of data start to be even more spread and varied showing that the fall in price slows. From looking at the mean point on the scatter graph it can be seen that it is right next to the line of best, where also most of the points of data is situated. This means that the line of best is precise and reliable.Also as I have mentioned in the analysis of scatter graph 1, the line of best fit can be used to estimate the value of other cars.Scatter graph 3Scatter graph 3 on page 9 shows that thee is negative correlation between the second hand price and age on a car, which means that as the car ages the value of the car begins to fall. The line of best fit shows that there is a similar trend towards the price in this scatter graph as well as scatter graph 2. the scatter graph shows there are some with the same age that have different second hand values, which would mean that there are also other factors a cting upon the value of the cars. From looking at the scatter graph it can be seen that the more newer a car is the higher its price is, but there are also some outliers on the scatter graph which still hold their value with age. This would suggest that these cars are more prestigious upmarket cars such as a Bentley or a limited edition car where as they age the value becomes higher due to their rarity. The mean point that I also plotted on the scatter graph shows the line of best fits is accurate as the mean point is next to it. The line of best shows that the value of a car will go into the minuses at the age of 10, but this cant be true because there is a point on the scatter graph that shows that there is a car which is 11 years old and has a value around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000. So instead of having a line of best fit there should be a curve of best fit which would tail off towards the end.DepreciationI have also plotted three other scatter graphs in order to look at depreciation of t he different sizes of cars. Through constructing a line of best fit on each scatter graph I am able to use them to calculate the depreciation. To use the line of best fit to calculate the deprecation you need to find the equation of the line.So first of all the gradient of the lines are needed,Gradient = Vertical heightDistance acrossSpearmans Rank correlation coefficientAfter using scatter graphs to analyse the correlation between each factor and priceI want to use Spearmans Rank correlation coefficient to get a more accurate reading on the correlations.Using Spearmans Rank correlation coefficientAfter ranking the factors I can put each factor against the second hand price by using Spearmans Rank correlation coefficient formula which is,rs = 1 6?d2n(n2-1)rs is the measure of the agreement between the two fieldsd is the difference between corresponding ranksn is the number of data pairs.In order to carry out Spearmans Rank correlation I will need to rank the data to find the dif ference between the factors. After ranking the data I will compare engine size against price, mileage against price and age against price. This will show how strong the correlation between the two factors is.The table below shows the corresponding ranks of each car.Engine size rankMileage rankage rankPrice rank1.5394531.53525.5174414524201384413226.5444546.52725.569.82534159.81325.5219.863.5239.823.5279.81113311348.5501145048.5517.54039.5717.524131217.52125.51417.532341617.591333.517.513.53721.52825.51321.5424519233745192848.548.59284339.5102826132528473426282325.5302818343228713402853.543288134634.54639.52434.51925.533.534.5163.54234.5221345403439.51140313419403025.528.54015133540141336401725.5444036134844.51225.538.544.52925.54946101338.547.53825.54147.533.550494539.528.5503339.547Engine size against PriceEngine size rankPrice rankdd21.53-1.52.251.517-15.5240.25422448-416422-183246.542.56.256.560.50.259.815-5.227.049.821-11.2125.449.823-13.2174.249.827-17.2295.849.831-21.2449.4413 11214414598117.5710.5110.2517.5125.530.2517.5143.512.2517.5161.52.2517.533.5-1625617.537-19.5380.2521.5138.572.2521.5192.56.252319416289193612810183242825392826242830-242832-4162840-121442843-152252846-1832434.52410.5110.2534.533.51134.542-7.556.2534.545-10.5110.254011298414019214414028.511.5132.25403552540364164044-4164048-86444.538.563644.549-4.520.254638.57.556.2547.5416.542.2547.550-2.56.254928.520.5420.255047396590Mileage against PriceMileage rankPrice rankdd239336129635171832441239152120812144422-18324444401600276214412515101001321-864623-17289227-256251131-2040048.5147.52256.255054520254073310892412121442114749321616256933.5-24.5600.25137-36129628131522542192352937191832448.5939.51560.2543103310892625114726214412330-7491832-14196740-331089543-381444846-3814444624224841933.5-14.5210.251642-266762245-235293411235293119121443028.51.52.251535-204001436-224841744-277293648-121441238.5-26.5702.252949-204001038.5-28.5812.253841-39350-4722094528.516.5272.253347-1419632167Age against PriceAge rankPrice rankdd245342176425.5178.572.254524318491385251322-98145441168125.5619.5380.2534151936125.5214.520.253.523-19.5380.253.527-23.5552.251331-1832450149240148.5543.51892.2539.5732.51056.2513121125.51411.5132.253416183241333.5-20.5420.253.537-33.51122.2525.51312.5156.2545192667645192667648.5939.51560.2539.51029.5870.251325-12144342686425.530-4.520.253432241340-277293.543-39.51560.251346-33108939.52415.5240.2525.533.5-8643.542-38.51482.251345-32102439.51128.5812.2534191522525.528.5-391335-224841336-2352925.544-18.5342.251348-35122525.538.5-1316925.549-23.5552.251338.5-25.5650.2525.541-15.5240.253.550-46.52162.2539.528.51112139.547-7.556.2532777What does Spearmans Rank Correlation show?Spearmans shows that the findings from each scatter graph is correct as they match what spearmans shows.Here I placed my findings from using spearmans on a scale to the correlation.Engine size against PriceThe correlation between Engine size and price was 0.6835534214 which was the stronges t correlation against price out of all the factors. This showed that there is definitely a link between engine size and the price. Which means that as the engine size increases so too does the price.Mileage against PriceSpearmans showed that the correlation between Engine size and price was-0.5446338535. This is fairly strong which also means that the agreement between the two was very good and that they are related as suggested before with the scatter graphs. This shows that as Mileage increases the price of a car decreases.Age against PriceAge against price had a correlation of -0.57392557, which is still also moderately strong. As the number was a minus it showed that there is a negative correlation between the two factors, meaning that the age of cars increases the values of the car decrease.After looking at scatter graphs to handle the data it showed how the factors affected the price of second hand car and also showed if there was a negative or positive correlation. The scatte r graphs showed that Engine size had a positive correlation with price and that Mileage and price had a negative correlation with price. After this I wanted to find out how strong the correlation between the factors price in order to see which factor had the biggest affect on price so I used Spearmans. This also showed the same overview of the findings as the scatter graphs and also which factor had the strongest correlation. From spearmans I gathered that engine size is the main factor that affects the second hand price of a car. After engine size age was the next biggest factor then mileage.Cumulative frequencyNow that I have found what affect the value of a second hand car the most the looked at depreciation I can go on to look at which size of car has the biggest price spread and see how the prices in the different sizes range. To do this I construct cumulative frequency tables, graphs and box plots.RangeFrequencyCumulative frequency0 p ? 1000001000 p ? 2000112000 p ? 3000233 000 p ? 4000254000 p ? 5000275000 p ? 6000076000 p ? 7000297000 p ? 80003128000 p ? 90001139000 p ? 10000114Cumulative frequency tablesRangeFrequencyCumulative frequency0 p ? 1000001000 p ? 2000002000 p ? 3000003000 p ? 4000004000 p ? 5000225000 p ? 6000356000 p ? 7000497000 p ? 8000098000 p ? 90002119000 p ? 1000021310000 p ? 1100021511000 p ? 1200001512000 p ? 1300001513000 p ? 1400011614000 p ? 1500011715000 p ? 1600001716000 p ? 1700001717000 p ? 18000118RangeFrequencyCumulative frequency0 p ? 1000001000 p ? 2000002000 p ? 3000003000 p ? 4000004000 p ? 5000005000 p ? 6000116000 p ? 7000127000 p ? 8000028000 p ? 9000359000 p ? 100000510000 p ? 110002711000 p ? 120001812000 p ? 1300021013000 p ? 1400011114000 p ? 1500021315000 p ? 1600011416000 p ? 1700001417000 p ? 1800011518000 p ? 1900011619000 p ? 2000011720000 p ? 2100001721000 p ? 2200001722000 p ? 2300001723000 p ? 2400001724000 p ? 2500001725000 p ? 2600001726000 p ? 2700 0118After constructing frequency tables I can move on to plotting a graph and plotting box plots to analyse to data.What I found out from using cumulative frequencyThe results from the Cumulative frequency graphs combined with the Box plots show the spread of price between the car sizes.The box plot on the small engine sized cars shows that the range of prices of the cars is very compact and relatively small compared to the other sizes of cars. From looking at the median of the inter-quartile range it can be seen that most of the prices of the cars are situated in a similar region of price and do not stray way too far from each other.The box plot on the medium engine sized cars shows a quite different story from the small cars. Here the inter-quartile range is far away from the highest priced car in the engine size which means that a few of the cars were priced more than the others. Also as the median is situated nearer to the low quartile than the upper quartile it shows that most of the cars most have been priced in this lower band of prices.Clearly looking at the box plots for the large engine sizes cars shows that these sizes of car have the most diverse range of price which could mean that they affected by many different factors. The median shows that prices were most of the car prices are concentrated towards the upper band of prices.ConclusionAfter looking at the sample of data in many different ways I can now come to a conclusion about my findings and if the hypothesises at the start was correct or not. My hypothesis which stated that mileage was the main factor that affected the price of a second hand was wrong as the result from this investigation have showed. I found that it was engine size that had the largest affect over price of a car as both spearmans and the scatter graphs showed this as it had the strongest relationship with the price. Mileage and age came out to have very similar affects of price but still age was found to be just that bit mo re important to price than mileage. Perhaps if I looked at a another sample of cars I will find that mileage has a bigger affect on price than age as I still believe this to so.I have found that my second hypothesis in which I stated that small cars have the smallest spread in price to be true and correct. Through looking at cumulative frequency graphs and box plots for the different sizes of cars I can see that small cars do have a small spread where most of the car prices are concentrated. Where as large cars have very varied price ranging from quite low to high, this is apparent in its box plot it is very big com pared to the other two.In relation to my third hypothesis I can now say that this is also not true as a I have found out that in this sample of cars that I took large cars seem to hold their strongest not depreciate in value as fast as medium or small carsOverall I feel that this investigation has been a great success as I have managed to find the answers I was looking f or at the start. I didnt have mush trouble with this investigation, but only that it was fairly confusing to get started as there a lot of data handling to be done.ImprovementsImprovements that could be made to this investigation are as follows,Using as sample of cars that had even numbers of each size of car.When looking at the cumulative frequency using small intervals to plot the graph as this will help analysing the data.Looking at cars with greater mileages and investigating more factor that could possibly affect the second hand price of a car.