Free Essays on Jeffersonian

At the point when it went to the government Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans generally held an exacting translation of the Constitution contradicted the wide constructionism of Federalists somewhere in the range of 1800 and 1818. The Republicans exhibited the convictions of their gathering against those of the Federalists concerning the understanding of the government Constitution. The Jerrfersonian Republicans needed to give solid state governemnts to a country of ranchers. Jefferson, in light of a legitimate concern for his gathering and the country attempted to fight off war for and against the nation. Everything that Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Republican's did however, was contradicted by the Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and his devotees imagined a general public as an unmistakable difference to that of the Federalists. They needed to make a general public of gentelman ranchers with a little focal government that held negligible authority over the lives of the individuals and only served to ensure the individual privileges of everybody under the Constitution. Jefferson expressed to Presbyterian serve Samuel Miller, that the Constitution would be the main thing that the legislature would hold fast to, and not even God could change that. (Report B) This vision didn't happen. Jefferson was to direct a country that was consistently developing more Federalist. Jefferson was no â€Å"War Hawk.† Jefferson did all that he could to keep away from war, he went similarly as toestablished the Embargo Act, perhaps the most umpopular move of his political profession. This disallowed ships leaving American ports for any remote goal. This demonstration was passed in would like to keep away from encounter with threatening vessels. Because of the Embargo Act, there was a financial downturn, especially in the Northeast, as introduced in Alexander Anderson’s political sketch of â€Å"OGRABME, or The American Snapping-turtle.† (Document C) because of the ban, a third revision was proposed to the Hartford Convention, January 4, 1805: This pre... Free Essays on Jeffersonian Free Essays on Jeffersonian At the point when it went to the government Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans typically held an exacting understanding of the Constitution restricted the expansive constructionism of Federalists somewhere in the range of 1800 and 1818. The Republicans exhibited the convictions of their gathering against those of the Federalists concerning the understanding of the government Constitution. The Jerrfersonian Republicans needed to give solid state governemnts to a country of ranchers. Jefferson, in light of a legitimate concern for his gathering and the country attempted to fight off war for and against the nation. Everything that Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Republican's did however, was contradicted by the Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and his adherents imagined a general public as a distinct difference to that of the Federalists. They needed to make a general public of gentelman ranchers with a little focal government that held negligible authority over the lives of the individuals and just served to secure the individual privileges of everybody under the Constitution. Jefferson expressed to Presbyterian serve Samuel Miller, that the Constitution would be the main thing that the legislature would stick to, and not even God could change that. (Record B) This vision didn't happen. Jefferson was to manage a country that was constantly developing more Federalist. Jefferson was no â€Å"War Hawk.† Jefferson did all that he could to stay away from war, he went similarly as toestablished the Embargo Act, perhaps the most umpopular move of his political profession. This restricted boats departing American ports for any remote goal. This demonstration was passed in would like to keep away from encounter with unfriendly vessels. Because of the Embargo Act, there was a financial downturn, especially in the Northeast, as introduced in Alexander Anderson’s political drawing of â€Å"OGRABME, or The American Snapping-turtle.† (Document C) because of the ban, a third correction was proposed to the Hartford Convention, January 4, 1805: This pre...

Lizards Evolution From Snakes Essays - Snake, Lizard, Monitor

Reptiles Evolution From Snakes A large number of years the planet was overwhelmed by reptiles extraordinary and little. It was a spot administered by the laws of characteristic determination where the best way to endure was to have the option to protect yourself with what you had. It was a steady battle for food, safe house, and incomparability. It was about natural selection, in light of the fact that just on the off chance that you were most appropriate to your condition would you get an opportunity at living to imitate. Here and there adjusting to one's condition could make a totally different species inside and out. During when dinosaurs strolled the earth littler reptiles must be imaginative to safeguard their endurance. The dinosaurs, due to their size where the harassers of the earth. On the off chance that reptiles needed food they had to some how sneak around the large dinosaurs so as to abstain from turning out to be food themselves. A types of reptile known as the Ear-less Monitor appeared to be very all around adjusted to neutralize this issue. Their eyes had an unmistakable defensive focal point which permitted them to go into the water looking for food and sidestep the land meandering dinosaurs all together. One significant issue before long confronted the Ear-less Screens as they continued looking for sustenance. It appeared that the ocean abiding animals had started to get on to the way that these reptiles were attacking their region for food. The ocean occupants responded by supplicating on the reptiles who came into the water to eat. After numerous passings adrift one brilliant little Ear-less Screen chose to attempt another methodology at acquiring food. This specific Screen was singled out by the entirety of different Monitors since he and his family had arms and legs that were shorter and littler than everybody else's. The would bother him and his family saying that their genetic stock had minimal hereditary variety. In any case, he didn't let that get him down. He figured that with his thickset arms and legs that he could tunnel under ground to discover food. He utilized his unmistakable defensive focal points over his eyes to keep out earth and shakes. He was certain that he could locate some heavenly night crawlers and different things to take care of himself. It was like an everything you can eat buffet until the entirety of the other short outfitted Monitors got the word. The short outfitted Monitors lived joyfully under ground while the remainder of the species rapidly vanished. After some time hereditary changes happened which in the long run left the Monitors without any appendages by any stretch of the imagination. They simply had long slim bodies which empowered them to tunnel effectively and rapidly. So as to disregard the torment that their predecessors had been exposed to by the since quite a while ago outfitted Screens the gathering chose to be referred to starting there on as snakes. The snakes before long chose to give life on Earth's surface one more opportunity since now they were a lot faster than the dinosaurs who had eaten up the Monitors. They adjusted to their new condition rapidly with a leg-less method of movement. After some time they advanced and grew more resistance components to turn into the Snakes we know them as today. A huge number of years back the planet was overwhelmed by reptiles incredible and little. It was a spot administered by the laws of regular determination where the best way to endure was to have the option to shield yourself with what you had. It was a consistent battle for food, asylum, and matchless quality. It was about endurance of the fittest, on the grounds that just in the event that you were most appropriate to your condition would you get an opportunity at living to replicate. Now and then adjusting to one's condition could make an entirely different animal groups inside and out. During when dinosaurs strolled the earth littler reptiles must be inventive to safeguard their endurance. The dinosaurs, due to their size where the domineering jerks of the earth. On the off chance that reptiles needed food they had to some how sneak around the huge dinosaurs so as to abstain from turning out to be food themselves. A types of reptile known as the Ear-less Screen appeared to be very much adjusted to check this issue. Their eyes had a clear defensive focal point, which permitted them to go into the water looking for food what's more, sidestep the land. Meandering dinosaurs all together. One significant issue soon confronted the Ear-less Monitors as they continued looking for sustenance. It appeared that the ocean abiding animals had started to get on to the way that these reptiles were attacking their region for food. The ocean occupants responded by asking on the reptiles who came into the water to eat. After numerous

New Media Task Force Student Group COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Media Task Force Student Group COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog There are lots of ways for SIPA students to keep busy and pursue their interests.   One way is through student groups.   Currently there are 37 student groups at SIPA and one of the newest groups is the New Media Task Force.     The following post was submitted by Sawako Sonoyama. ___________________________ I would like to introduce a new student group at SIPA, the New Media Task Force. We are thrilled that our student group exists at SIPA. The time is rightâ€"there has been a tremendous need for this community at SIPA: a student group that focuses on information and communication technology for development, crisis mapping, and mobile for health. The New Media Task Force was initiated under the supportive umbrella of the UN Studies Program Working Group. Launching as the “UNICEF New Media Task Force”, we focused on research, internship, and networking opportunities with the UNICEF innovations department. Although the Task Force started as a small group of interested individuals, the number of people engaged in the Task Force grew every year.  In DATE Sean Blaschke ( MIA 2010) and his team received the first-place award in the ‘Development 2.0 Challenge’ of the US Agency for International Development. For this project, they worked with RapidSMS, a system leverages basic mobile phones and text messages, to collect health information and improved the speed and quality of health data collection in Malawi. This award brought a lot of media attention to SIPA and its activities in technology for development, especially in the use of mobile. The biggest turning point for the New Media Task Force was the launch of crisis mapping at SIPA. On February 27, 2010, SIPA students were listening to Patrick Meier speak at a conference titled “Policy Making in the Digital Age,” hosted by The Morningside Post. He spoke about a process called “crisis mapping” and a new technology platform called Ushahidi that had greatly aided relief workers after the Haiti earthquake.  That same day, a tremendous earthquake of magnitude 8.8 occurred off the coast of the Maule Region of Chile. When Meier asked if anybody was interested in holding crisis mapping training sessions for the Chile earthquake, SIPA students stepped in. From a volunteer standpoint, the earthquake could not have happened in a worse timingâ€"during midterms. However, brutal econ tests did not phase SIPA students. Within 48 hours of the earthquake, over 60 students were trained to monitor media sources, map GPS coordinates, and report earthquake related incidents. For weeks after the earthquake, countless students stopped by the Situation Room to help out. We were so impressed with the passion and dedication that SIPA students demonstrated in assisting the people of Chile. These actions were a true testiment of the character of SIPA students. Ushahidi-Chile brought a tremendous amount of media attention to SIPA, which included Al Jazeera filming a training session. The Ushahidi-Chile instance was a great example of how students can mobilize and make a tangible difference to those in need, continents away.   At that time, we also recognized that Chile was only one of many crises, and that there was great potential in formalizing and institutionalizing Crisis Mapping at SIPA so that students would be able to assist in future crises. Additionally, we realized that we had the opportunity to bring extremely valuable skills to SIPA students, skills that are in high demand by organizations such as OCHA, the World Bank, and other agencies. During the chaotic time of crisis mapping for the Chile earthquake, it was decided that the New Media Task Force would branch out from UNSPWG and officially become a student group. The New Media Task Force was approved officially at the end of May 2010. We truly appreciate UNSPWG’s support, providing us with both institutional and moral guidance in launching our student group. We would also like to thank  Professor Lindenmayer for her guidance in working on the earthquake relief; her experience in Haiti gave us a deeper insight on what it means to work in a crisis situation. Thanks to their guidance and SIPA’s support, the Task Force now has the capacity to make an impact in the fields of crisis mapping  and information and communication technology for development. The New Media Task Force’s  mission  is to increase student knowledge of how technology can support decision-making in international affairs and to expand opportunities for students within the information and communication technology for development space. Through projects, panels, and events, we aim to create a community around new media for development and promote practical research and internship opportunities for SIPA students. Additionally, the New Media Task Force supports SIPA curriculum development around technology for development. Our students and alumni work globally with organizations such as The Earth Institute, UNICEF, OCHA, Ushahidi, and UNDP. One of our primary activities is Crisis Mapping, an international effort to respond to disasters around the globe, and our volunteers provide essential information within the first few essential days following a disaster. We look forward to welcoming more students who is interested in technology and development.

Essay on Ischemic heart disease

Essay on Ischemic heart disease Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a disease characterized by disturbance of blood supply to the heart due to narrowing and occlusion of coronary artery with atherosclerotic plaques. As a result of progression of atherosclerosis vascular lumen is gradually decreased, and as a result, blood flow to the heart is slowed down, whereby the myocardium (heart muscle) loses the necessary power. Risk Factors: Unbalanced diets that promote blood cholesterol levels. Overweight. Lack of exercise. Smoking and alcohol abuse. Hypertensive heart disease. Diabetes. Chronic stress. Inborn and inherited diseases. Signs of coronary artery disease. The main symptom of the disease is pain. However, in the early stages of the disease patients may be concerned about a feeling of discomfort in their chest during exercise, which goes away after a short while. People who have IHD not only feel pain in the chest, but it can also spread to the left arm, neck and the shoulder blade. Along with the increase of pain, patients with are faced with dyspnea first under intense, later performing simple actions (e.g, walking), and at later stages all the time. People with IHD often complain of palpitations (reinforced, frequent, strong perceivable beats) and interruptions (feeling chest fading) of the heart. Often these changes are recorded on an electrocardiogram. Besides the symptoms mentioned above, patients are accompanied by weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and, rarely, fainting. There are several forms of ischemic heart disease: sudden cardiac death, angina, myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction and arrhythmic form. We can say that the most formidable of these is angina. It is characterized by recurrent seizures that happen suddenly, often after physical or psycho-emotional stress. The patient feels a sense of lack of air, pain radiating to the neck, arm, shoulder blade, lower jaw. These attacks are provoked by factors like high blood pressure, alcohol, hearty meal, low temperatures. First aid in the event of angina is to eliminate the factors that trigger an attack to calm a person down, stop the exercise. The following step would be to secure a flow of air and take a sedative. This tool expands the coronary vessels, a spasm of which is the reason for the attack. In the absence of timely assistance, a portion of heart muscle cells die from a lack of food developing myocardial infarction. Treatment of coronary heart disease: Therapy for this disease should be appointed only by a doctor. An arsenal of medicines taken with IHD, is quite large, and usually the patient is taking several medications from different groups, namely nitrates to prevent attacks; antiplatelet therapy blood thinners (prevention of thrombotic events); blockers normalize rhythm; calcium antagonists expanding coronary vessels feeding the myocardium; statins and fibrates reduce cholesterol in the blood; drugs that enhance metabolism in the cardiac muscle. Most of the drugs are prescribed for life and their self-cancellation is fraught with complications and deterioration. Preventive measures: Full, balanced, regular meals. Also, there is a list of products to be excluded from the ration: diet products, sources of cholesterol and saturated fats (fatty meat, bacon, sausages, dumplings, cream, oil, dairy products with a high percentage of fat). On the other hand, fruits, herbs, vegetables, lean meats, seafood and sea fish, low-fat dairy products, cereals, legumes, mushrooms, vegetable oils, nuts, etc are good for IHD patients and optimal for their diet. Weight is another great issue, to reduce weight, it is necessary to carefully monitor the high calorie foods, excluded from the diet animal fats and digestible carbohydrates. It is also useful to periodically arrange fasting days. Regular physical activity is helpful, but one should be careful, not to cross the line, as over exercise can be dangerous. Hiking, domestic work, therapeutic exercises these simple measures will help to improve the performance of the heart. Absence of stress, refusal of bad habits like drinking alc ohol and smoking, control of blood pressure, can help prevent IHD and heart diseases in general. The main high-tech way to restore coronary artery is percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. You can judge the essence of this manipulation on the basis of its name: Percutaneous indicates that the introduction of the catheter into the vessel through puncture of the skin. Transluminal means that all manipulations are carried out through the vessels. Balloon means that the recovery of the affected coronary artery lumen occurs by balloon inflation in vasoconstriction. Coronary means that the effects are on the coronary arteries, ie arteries supplying the heart. Angioplasty means that the impact made ​​on the vessel (from the word angio a vessel). References Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease). Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease). N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2014. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/heart_vascular_institute/conditions_treatments/conditions/coronary_artery.html. Rimmerman, Curtis M. Coronary Artery Disease. Coronary Artery Disease. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2014. http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/coronary-artery-disease/#s0175. Tardif, Jean-Claude. Coronary Artery Disease in 2010. European Heart Journal. Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Università © De Montrà ©al, 5000 Belanger Str, Montreal, Canada H1T 1C8, n.d. Web. 13 July 2014. http%3A%2F%2Feurheartjsupp.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F12%2Fsuppl_C%2FC2.full.

Child Interview Essay - 2085 Words

The interview I conducted took place in the courtyard of my complex in Smallville, with the interviewee and myself. For the purpose of his paper and to protect the adolescent privacy lets call her Regina. Regina is a fourteen-year-old adolescent female of Africa American descent. She is above average in height and carries a very shy and nonchalance deposition. She is a very attractive young lady and does above average work in her school setting. She appears to be a normal every day child with a lifetime of experiences awaiting her. Regina was the daughter of my life long best friend and he approved of the interview, however he was not present during the interview. The Interview took place on February 10 at about 5:00 pm it lasted†¦show more content†¦Nobody is the same because each person will form his own identity to what ever they want to be like† I went on to ask her about school and how she felt about it and the relationships that she has gathered while being there. She was open and forward about school. She didn’t care for it too much. She believed that it was more of a fashion show that didn’t charge admission than an institution of learning. She felt that this was how and why most of the children at school got recognized and established their so call status at school. About her friends and the selection process, she was reserved and settle with the position of dealing with friend that have being around through-out her elementary experience. Meaning that she does not set out to make new friends, she would prefer to relish and maintain the ones that she presently has. I then addressed the violence in the schools, Regina admitted she does not feel safe at all and that she has seen violence on a regular basis. She has also has been a victim of it. She states and maintains that television is to blame. She feels children watch and bring it to school, especially the wrestling moves, and violent behavior. The literature also feels and backs her opinion on violence. Violence among our youth has spread widely throughout the nation. This can be linked to several problems in our society, but mainly one. The constant barrage of television and media violence causes deviant behavior inShow MoreRelatedEffective Methods During An Interview With A Child789 Words   |  4 Pagesduring an interview with a child who has witnessed or been a victim in traumatic incidents such as kidnapping, abuse or homicide. There have been several studies conducted in the United States as well as internationally on the topic of interviewing children. In this briefing you will find the most common factors that scholars have established as being the most effective methods that hold up in court. First in this briefing we will discussed, the benefit of trained staff to conduct interviews, next theRead MoreDevelopment Of A Child Through An Interview Essay2014 Words   |  9 Pages The purpose of this assignment is to closely observe the development of a child through an interview and apply the theories and concept of child development in his particular cultural and educational context. I selected the child who lives in my neighborhood for the interview and began with seeking the permission from his parents. The child’s name is ‘Abdullah’ and he is seven years old. He lives with his family in Terre Haute and his family consists of parents and two sisters. Abdullah goes toRead MoreChildren s Testimonial Accuracy Has A Impact On A Child s Performance During An Interview1975 Words   |  8 Pagesthe topic of children’s testimonial accuracy has become a largely studied area. It has been suggested that an interviewers bias and suggestibility has a powerful impact on a child’s performance during an interview (Cleveland, Quas Lyon, 2016). Suggestibility affects the extent to which a child is able to retrieve and report on events du e to psychological or social influences (Milne Bull, 2003). Suggestibility is brought forth through psychological or social influences, such as suggestive questioningRead MoreAn Interview On Child Welfare1156 Words   |  5 PagesAs a helping professional focused on child welfare, educational resources are essential to provide children with adequate support. Often times, the children’s’ advocates, caregivers and volunteers, need assistance connecting with the school to secure social work services. There have been countless occurrences where the child is faltering academically and the school is unaware that they are in foster care. The teachers are overworked and unable to identity which children are in the greatest needRead MoreChild Development Interview Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesLatoyac11 M. White March 4, 2011 Child Interview Questions 4-12 Emotional Development: Are you afraid of anything? Yes, when my mom walks to the gas station and when she takes a long time to get back it scares me. I am afraid of spiders, because when I watch them on TV and they are in people’s bed and houses and if they bite you it makes a giant bite mark as big as a your hand, its inside is blue and the outside is red. What makes you angry? When people talk about me and my brother Read MoreInterview With a Parent of a Child with Special Needs1366 Words   |  6 Pages I interviewed a woman who has a child with special needs. The child is now in kindergarten. The mother reported having a normal pregnancy with no complications. This was the second child for the mother, who has another child who was five years old at the time. The mother disclosed that during the pregnancy, she was in the process of separating from the child’s father and that this caused a moderate level of stress. At the time of the pregnancy, the mother was also working full time as a waitressRead MoreMaternal And Child Health Interview Analysis1754 Words   |  8 Pages Maternal and Child Health Interview Analysis By: Brittany Thomas HCA415: Community Public Health Instructor: Javier Zarate August 23, 2015 â€Æ' Introduction The health of all Americans is a significant public issue in today’s society. Particularly, at concern is the health of women and children. â€Å"Infants, children, and teenagers are a demographically important group that forms a large percentage (nearly one-quarter of the total population) of the United States† (sec 5.1). Children’s healthRead MoreTherapist Interview. The Field Of Child Counseling Has1406 Words   |  6 PagesTherapist Interview The field of child counseling has been enriched through the integration of play therapy within different therapeutic approaches, as this method allows children to express thoughts and feelings that they might not be able to convey any other way due to their limited vocabulary (Henderson Thompson, 2016). Over the past eight years, MacGill (2017) has built both her private practice, as well as functioned as a school counselor for students with special needs, MacGill demonstratesRead MoreA Hypothetical Interview With Parents of a Child With Special Needs2429 Words   |  10 PagesA Hypothetical Interview with Parents of a Special Needs Child A Hypothetical Interview with Parents of Special Needs Child Discuss the family background and history briefly--pregnancy, birth, infancy, toddlerhood, preschool with associated milestones. Mother: We tried for several months to get pregnant before we were successful. We both were reluctant to try for a child again because of a traumatic miscarriage I experienced several years prior. We both really wanted to be parents and made a toughRead MoreMotherhood: Addicted Mothers965 Words   |  4 Pagesparticipant`s life-world, a qualitative methodology is the best approach (Kvale, 2002). Data were collected using individual semi-structured in-depth interviews, in order to produce thick descriptions. A thick description is one that explains a human behavior in its context, so that the behavior becomes meaningful, also from an outsiders’ point of view. The interviews were divided into three main sections, consisting of descriptions of everyday life here and now with small children, growing up in a family

Genetically Modified Organism and Monsanto Free Essays

Does Monsanto maintain an ethical culture that can effectively respond to various stakeholders? Monsanto Company is trying to maintain an ethical culture with various stakeholders. The company used the concept of Social Responsibility and Business Ethics to create a reputation value to various stakeholders. For instance, Monsanto gave fifteen million dollars to Donald Danforth Plant Science Center to do crop research in Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetically Modified Organism and Monsanto or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, the fund helped Brazilian children to maintain good health and basic hygiene. Additionally, Monsanto supported students who want to study agriculture. However, Monsanto Company’s regulation had become financial burden to many farmers. Farmers who buy seeds from Monsanto could not saved for future plant. Otherwise, Farmers will have to pay for Monsanto when they find out. Furthermore, Monsanto produced products that involved in the risk of animals and human health. Some of Monsanto’s actions should considered moral temptation. #2. Compare the benefits of growing GMO seeds for crops with the potential negative consequences of using them. As the GM seeds introduced to the United States and across the globe since 1990, many farmers stopped complaining failure of crops. This had helped farmers spent little expenses, but gain as triple profits. Farmers who using GM seeds applauded the existence of Monsanto Company, because with the same acre of land, they are able to double the crops. Thus, as far as the farmers are making profits, they will continue buying the GM Seeds. For this reason, there is a major concerned for consumer that the GM seeds could affect human and animals’ health for using it. However, the FDA clarified that â€Å"biotech crops are safe to use†, but critics’ doubt about the short-term period of GM seeds which unable to determined the long-term effects. 3. How should Monsanto manage the potential harm to plant and animal life from using product such as Roundup? Monsanto Officials wanted to calm the situation. They clarified to the critics that EPA has been studies and approved for Roundup Ready. Environment and human health won’t get effective. The company also defends that even though â€Å"1% of glyphosate contaminate ground water, it is soluble and will not have much effect on aquatic species† (P. 307). Reference Ferrell, O. C. , Fraedrick, J. , Ferrell, L. , (2008), Business Ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. Boston, MA: Houghton Miffin Company How to cite Genetically Modified Organism and Monsanto, Papers

Used Cars What main factor that affects the price of a second hand car Essay Example

Used Cars What main factor that affects the price of a second hand car Essay A number of factors such as age, mileage and engine size all affect the second hand price of car but the factor that I feel affects the price most is mileage the car has done. I believe this to be true because as a car travels more and more miles the engine and the other parts of the car have lot of strain put on them and so begin to wear, which then makes the car less and less reliable. Therefore this is apparent in the second price of the car.The price spread of the small sized cars will be the smallest. This is because the engine size range of the car small sized cars is quite small and as the small sized cars to not depreciate fast. The large sized car will have the largest price spread, as the engine size range is the biggest and also because luxury cars that are quite expensive tend to have large engines sizes. That is why the price of the large sized cars will be greatest.Small sized cars depreciate a lot slower in price than large engine sized cars. I believe this because sma ll sized cars have a fairly low price any way and so the price of those cars wont drop as dramatically as others. Also small sized cars have a bigger demand than large cars as large cars are more expensive to maintain and run.IntroductionIn this investigation I will collect information on a sample of cars from a used car database and then present this data many ways such as scatter graphs and cumulative frequency graphs. I will do this to find out what is the main factor that factors the second hand price of a car. Factors that can affect the second hand price of a car are as follows:AgeA car that is five years old will cost less then the same car which is less than a year old as the five year old car has had more wear and tear so will not be as reliable as it was before, so this will lower its price on sale.MakeA prestigious make car will cost more than a car that is not so prestigious, even if they have the similar specifications as the prestigious car is very much sort and signif ies the owners wealth and status.ModelA newer model car will cost more than older model car that has gone out of production as the newer model is more safe and is packed with the latest technology where as the older model will have out dated safety features and technology so would not be in as much demand so the older model will have to sell for less.OptionsThe options put on a car determine the price of it, such as a car with low-profile Alloy wheels, Satellite navigation, Upgraded Audio System etc, will sell for a higher price compared to the same car but with standard options as the car with all the upgraded features is more sort after and more impressive than the basic car.MileageA car with a high mileage will sell for a lower price compared to a similar car with a low mileage because a high mileage means more wear on the engine which will reduce the performance and reliability of the car.Engine sizeThe engine size of a second hand car can affect it price. As a small engine car would have less power and do more mile to the gallon than a larger engine car with more power but less miles to the gallon.ColourThe colour of a car could affect its second hand price, for example a car that is bright pink in colour will appeal to less people compared to a more moderate coloured silver car.In my investigation I will be looking at how the Mileage, Age and Engine size of a second hand car affect its price. I have chosen these factors to investigation as I think they are the most relevant to the price of a car and the most important things to consider when purchasing a second hand car.Obtaining a sample of carsFrom the database of used cars I will collect a sample of 50 cars. I will only use 50 cars in this investigation as I feel that this is enough to get a good outcome from. If the sample I take is too big it will be too had to work with and if the sample is to small then I wont get I reliable outcome.First I will have spilt the database into groups of small, medium and large sized cars. I will do this so that I can get a sample of cars that covers the range of car sizes and is not concentrated in one particular size of cars. In order to get a reliable sample of cars I will take a stratified sample of 50 cars. This means that the ratio of the different sized cars in the sample of 50 cars will have to be as in the database.To insure that the sample I take is random and fair, I will first give every car in the database a unique number to identify each by, then I will use the random button on a calculator to pick out the cars in will use in my sample.What is meant by small, medium, and large size car?The cars in the used car database are split into groups by the size of their engines. Small cars having an engine size of 1500cc or lower. Medium cars having an engine size that is between 1800cc and 1500cc. Large cars having engines greater than 1800cc.Presenting and analysing the sample of carsFrom the sample of cars I hope to test the hypothesis t hat have been stated previously and see if they are correct. To do this I have to interpret and analyse the sample of cars in many different ways. I will put the cars ages against the price, mileage against price and engine size against the price.Using the data collected from the sample of cars I will plot scatter diagrams for, age against price, mileage against price and engine size against price. I will then draw a line of best fit on each scatter diagram in order to able to estimate the prices of others cars, as the line of best fit will show the trend in the second hand price of the cars against each of the factors. Also the line of best fit on the scatter graphs will show which size of car depreciates the fastest.From the scatter diagrams I hope to see that the factors of mileage and age have a negative correlation with the second hand price of the cars. As these factors increases, the second hand price of cars should decrease. This should be apparent in the scatter diagrams of these two factors against the second hand price of the cars. In contrast to this, the scatter diagram with engine size against the second price I believe should show a positive correlation, in other words as the engine size of a car increases so should the price.After using the scatter diagrams, I will use Spearmans rank correlation coefficient to present the data. I will be using spearmans because it will show how strong the correlations are as it will measure it on a scale. The data will be measured on a scale from -1 to +1. -1 being perfect (100%) negative correlation, +1 being perfect (100%) positive correlation and 0 being no correlation. Using spearmans rank correlation coefficient will man it will be easy see which factor has a best agreement with the price of second hand car.I will use cumulative frequency graphs and box plots to analyse the prices of the different size cars groups in the sample of cars. I will use it to see how big the inter-quartile range of each group is and also where the median fits in the cumulative frequency graphs. From looking at how big the inter-quartile range and bow plots are of each size of car I will be able to tell how big the spread in price is.Hopefully from using the methods mentioned previously about how I am going to handle the data I will be able to make a conclusion and find out the main factor that affects the price of a second hand car. Also I will be able to find out which car size has the biggest price spread and depreciation.Sample of carsIn order to carry out this investigation, I will need to collect a sample of 50. the reasons for collecting a sample of 50 cars I have already explained previously. So now I am going to actually collect the sample of 50 cars.First, as I want to collect a stratified sample of 50 cars, the number of different size cars, small, medium and large cars has to be proportionally representative of the whole population of cars in the used car database from I am collecting my sample of cars.There are a total of 251 cars in the database.69 Small cars90 medium cars92 Large carsTotal number of cars = 251So the ratio is,69:89:92Now to find how this ratio of cars that should be in the sample of 50 cars,Small cars:(50 / 250) x 69 = 13.8Medium cars:(50 / 250) x 89 = 17.8Large cars:(50 / 250) x 92 = 18.4In the sample of 50 cars there need to be:14 Small cars18 Medium cars18 Large carsNow that I now the proportions of the different sized cars that are meant to be in the sample I can go on to select the cars from the database. I am going to do this buy giving every car in the database a number. Then I am going to use the random button to pick out the right amount of cars from each category that I need in my sample. Then after doing this I will the car into a table.Below is the sample of 50 cars that I selected.SAMPLE IDENTITY NO.ENGINE TYPEENGINE SIZE (cc)MILEAGEAGEPRICE1SMALL110040000529952SMALL110027000263993SMALL120046000524004SMALL120017395149995SMALL12002760173996SM ALL130019880244997SMALL130051000534958SMALL140040087999SMALL140035480799910SMALL1400124702719911SMALL140095401929912SMALL1400196903619913SMALL15008000011200014SMALL1595980007349515MEDIUM1600190001579916MEDIUM1600417604469917MEDIUM1600693011019918MEDIUM1600179002609919MEDIUM1600249003629920MEDIUM16001001149921MEDIUM1700492605699922MEDIUM1700220702599923MEDIUM1799365345699924MEDIUM1800186202919925MEDIUM1800172003999926MEDIUM1800495894549927MEDIUM1800494011739928MEDIUM1800292001489929MEDIUM1800677803869930MEDIUM1800800007500031MEDIUM1800493011329932MEDIUM1800197701859933LARGE19001732021019934LARGE19001819011559935LARGE1900650004829536LARGE19001416001469937LARGE2000232942899938LARGE20001313011069939LARGE2000255204569940LARGE20002742011819941LARGE20001287911129942LARGE20001434521499943LARGE2000234903699944LARGE22002305021969945LARGE22001112021299946LARGE2300927911299947LARGE25003700021395048LARGE250030002699949LARGE2800534404899950LARGE390025000418000Scatter graphs to show depreciationBe low are three scatter graphs that I have plotted to show which size of car depreciates the fastest and which size of car hold it is value longest.On these graph I also plotted lines of best fit as through finding the equation of the line I can then figure the depreciation.Scatter graphsFrom the first three scatter graphs I was able to analyse the data from the sample of cars. All three factors Engine size, Mileage and Age were put against the second hand price. I did in order to find out how each factor affects the second hand price of a car. Below are the findings from the scatter graphs.What do the Scatter graphs illustrate?Most basically the scatter graphs show that as the Engine size of cars increase so too does the second hand price of the cars. Also when the mileage and age of cars increase so too does the second hand price of cars.Scatter Graph 1Scatter graph 1 on page 7 shows that the engine size has a positive correlation with the second hand price of a car. This means that as the engine size increases so too does the price. Looking at the points on the scatter graph, it shows that quite clear that this is true. As the scatter graph also shows that some cars with the same engine size have different prices it means that there are other factors that too affect the price. Even though other factors do also affect the second hand price of a car the scatter graph clearly demonstrates that engine size is a major factor. The mean point is in the middle of where most of the points are concentrated and alongside the line of best fit on the graph. Through this the mean point suggest that the price of cars with different engine sized isnt that far spread and also this is suggested the scatter graph because most of the points are concentrated quite near each other. Using the line of best fit that is also on the scatter graph I can use it to estimate the value of other cars with different engine sizes. Estimating the value of a car that has an engine size that woul d fit in where most of the sample of cars are concentrated on scatter graph would give a reliable estimate value of the car because there is already data on the scatter graph that would suggest this value. Where if the engine size of car was more towards where there arent many cars on the graph then the estimate value of the car wouldnt be that accurate as there isnt enough data on the scatter graph of similar cars. For example estimating the value of a car that has the engine size 1500cc, which from the line of best fit shows that the price could be around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8,500 would be accurate.Scatter graph 2Scatter graph 2 on page 8 shows there is a negative correlation between the second hand price and mileage of car. The points of data from the sample of cars on the scatter graph show that there is agreement between the data the second hand price is more wide spread as the points are fairly loose and spread. Also the scatter graph suggest that where the mileage is fairly small the value of the fall in price of car is quite steep, but the mile age gets higher the point of data start to be even more spread and varied showing that the fall in price slows. From looking at the mean point on the scatter graph it can be seen that it is right next to the line of best, where also most of the points of data is situated. This means that the line of best is precise and reliable.Also as I have mentioned in the analysis of scatter graph 1, the line of best fit can be used to estimate the value of other cars.Scatter graph 3Scatter graph 3 on page 9 shows that thee is negative correlation between the second hand price and age on a car, which means that as the car ages the value of the car begins to fall. The line of best fit shows that there is a similar trend towards the price in this scatter graph as well as scatter graph 2. the scatter graph shows there are some with the same age that have different second hand values, which would mean that there are also other factors a cting upon the value of the cars. From looking at the scatter graph it can be seen that the more newer a car is the higher its price is, but there are also some outliers on the scatter graph which still hold their value with age. This would suggest that these cars are more prestigious upmarket cars such as a Bentley or a limited edition car where as they age the value becomes higher due to their rarity. The mean point that I also plotted on the scatter graph shows the line of best fits is accurate as the mean point is next to it. The line of best shows that the value of a car will go into the minuses at the age of 10, but this cant be true because there is a point on the scatter graph that shows that there is a car which is 11 years old and has a value around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000. So instead of having a line of best fit there should be a curve of best fit which would tail off towards the end.DepreciationI have also plotted three other scatter graphs in order to look at depreciation of t he different sizes of cars. Through constructing a line of best fit on each scatter graph I am able to use them to calculate the depreciation. To use the line of best fit to calculate the deprecation you need to find the equation of the line.So first of all the gradient of the lines are needed,Gradient = Vertical heightDistance acrossSpearmans Rank correlation coefficientAfter using scatter graphs to analyse the correlation between each factor and priceI want to use Spearmans Rank correlation coefficient to get a more accurate reading on the correlations.Using Spearmans Rank correlation coefficientAfter ranking the factors I can put each factor against the second hand price by using Spearmans Rank correlation coefficient formula which is,rs = 1 6?d2n(n2-1)rs is the measure of the agreement between the two fieldsd is the difference between corresponding ranksn is the number of data pairs.In order to carry out Spearmans Rank correlation I will need to rank the data to find the dif ference between the factors. After ranking the data I will compare engine size against price, mileage against price and age against price. This will show how strong the correlation between the two factors is.The table below shows the corresponding ranks of each car.Engine size rankMileage rankage rankPrice rank1.5394531.53525.5174414524201384413226.5444546.52725.569.82534159.81325.5219.863.5239.823.5279.81113311348.5501145048.5517.54039.5717.524131217.52125.51417.532341617.591333.517.513.53721.52825.51321.5424519233745192848.548.59284339.5102826132528473426282325.5302818343228713402853.543288134634.54639.52434.51925.533.534.5163.54234.5221345403439.51140313419403025.528.54015133540141336401725.5444036134844.51225.538.544.52925.54946101338.547.53825.54147.533.550494539.528.5503339.547Engine size against PriceEngine size rankPrice rankdd21.53-1.52.251.517-15.5240.25422448-416422-183246.542.56.256.560.50.259.815-5.227.049.821-11.2125.449.823-13.2174.249.827-17.2295.849.831-21.2449.4413 11214414598117.5710.5110.2517.5125.530.2517.5143.512.2517.5161.52.2517.533.5-1625617.537-19.5380.2521.5138.572.2521.5192.56.252319416289193612810183242825392826242830-242832-4162840-121442843-152252846-1832434.52410.5110.2534.533.51134.542-7.556.2534.545-10.5110.254011298414019214414028.511.5132.25403552540364164044-4164048-86444.538.563644.549-4.520.254638.57.556.2547.5416.542.2547.550-2.56.254928.520.5420.255047396590Mileage against PriceMileage rankPrice rankdd239336129635171832441239152120812144422-18324444401600276214412515101001321-864623-17289227-256251131-2040048.5147.52256.255054520254073310892412121442114749321616256933.5-24.5600.25137-36129628131522542192352937191832448.5939.51560.2543103310892625114726214412330-7491832-14196740-331089543-381444846-3814444624224841933.5-14.5210.251642-266762245-235293411235293119121443028.51.52.251535-204001436-224841744-277293648-121441238.5-26.5702.252949-204001038.5-28.5812.253841-39350-4722094528.516.5272.253347-1419632167Age against PriceAge rankPrice rankdd245342176425.5178.572.254524318491385251322-98145441168125.5619.5380.2534151936125.5214.520.253.523-19.5380.253.527-23.5552.251331-1832450149240148.5543.51892.2539.5732.51056.2513121125.51411.5132.253416183241333.5-20.5420.253.537-33.51122.2525.51312.5156.2545192667645192667648.5939.51560.2539.51029.5870.251325-12144342686425.530-4.520.253432241340-277293.543-39.51560.251346-33108939.52415.5240.2525.533.5-8643.542-38.51482.251345-32102439.51128.5812.2534191522525.528.5-391335-224841336-2352925.544-18.5342.251348-35122525.538.5-1316925.549-23.5552.251338.5-25.5650.2525.541-15.5240.253.550-46.52162.2539.528.51112139.547-7.556.2532777What does Spearmans Rank Correlation show?Spearmans shows that the findings from each scatter graph is correct as they match what spearmans shows.Here I placed my findings from using spearmans on a scale to the correlation.Engine size against PriceThe correlation between Engine size and price was 0.6835534214 which was the stronges t correlation against price out of all the factors. This showed that there is definitely a link between engine size and the price. Which means that as the engine size increases so too does the price.Mileage against PriceSpearmans showed that the correlation between Engine size and price was-0.5446338535. This is fairly strong which also means that the agreement between the two was very good and that they are related as suggested before with the scatter graphs. This shows that as Mileage increases the price of a car decreases.Age against PriceAge against price had a correlation of -0.57392557, which is still also moderately strong. As the number was a minus it showed that there is a negative correlation between the two factors, meaning that the age of cars increases the values of the car decrease.After looking at scatter graphs to handle the data it showed how the factors affected the price of second hand car and also showed if there was a negative or positive correlation. The scatte r graphs showed that Engine size had a positive correlation with price and that Mileage and price had a negative correlation with price. After this I wanted to find out how strong the correlation between the factors price in order to see which factor had the biggest affect on price so I used Spearmans. This also showed the same overview of the findings as the scatter graphs and also which factor had the strongest correlation. From spearmans I gathered that engine size is the main factor that affects the second hand price of a car. After engine size age was the next biggest factor then mileage.Cumulative frequencyNow that I have found what affect the value of a second hand car the most the looked at depreciation I can go on to look at which size of car has the biggest price spread and see how the prices in the different sizes range. To do this I construct cumulative frequency tables, graphs and box plots.RangeFrequencyCumulative frequency0 p ? 1000001000 p ? 2000112000 p ? 3000233 000 p ? 4000254000 p ? 5000275000 p ? 6000076000 p ? 7000297000 p ? 80003128000 p ? 90001139000 p ? 10000114Cumulative frequency tablesRangeFrequencyCumulative frequency0 p ? 1000001000 p ? 2000002000 p ? 3000003000 p ? 4000004000 p ? 5000225000 p ? 6000356000 p ? 7000497000 p ? 8000098000 p ? 90002119000 p ? 1000021310000 p ? 1100021511000 p ? 1200001512000 p ? 1300001513000 p ? 1400011614000 p ? 1500011715000 p ? 1600001716000 p ? 1700001717000 p ? 18000118RangeFrequencyCumulative frequency0 p ? 1000001000 p ? 2000002000 p ? 3000003000 p ? 4000004000 p ? 5000005000 p ? 6000116000 p ? 7000127000 p ? 8000028000 p ? 9000359000 p ? 100000510000 p ? 110002711000 p ? 120001812000 p ? 1300021013000 p ? 1400011114000 p ? 1500021315000 p ? 1600011416000 p ? 1700001417000 p ? 1800011518000 p ? 1900011619000 p ? 2000011720000 p ? 2100001721000 p ? 2200001722000 p ? 2300001723000 p ? 2400001724000 p ? 2500001725000 p ? 2600001726000 p ? 2700 0118After constructing frequency tables I can move on to plotting a graph and plotting box plots to analyse to data.What I found out from using cumulative frequencyThe results from the Cumulative frequency graphs combined with the Box plots show the spread of price between the car sizes.The box plot on the small engine sized cars shows that the range of prices of the cars is very compact and relatively small compared to the other sizes of cars. From looking at the median of the inter-quartile range it can be seen that most of the prices of the cars are situated in a similar region of price and do not stray way too far from each other.The box plot on the medium engine sized cars shows a quite different story from the small cars. Here the inter-quartile range is far away from the highest priced car in the engine size which means that a few of the cars were priced more than the others. Also as the median is situated nearer to the low quartile than the upper quartile it shows that most of the cars most have been priced in this lower band of prices.Clearly looking at the box plots for the large engine sizes cars shows that these sizes of car have the most diverse range of price which could mean that they affected by many different factors. The median shows that prices were most of the car prices are concentrated towards the upper band of prices.ConclusionAfter looking at the sample of data in many different ways I can now come to a conclusion about my findings and if the hypothesises at the start was correct or not. My hypothesis which stated that mileage was the main factor that affected the price of a second hand was wrong as the result from this investigation have showed. I found that it was engine size that had the largest affect over price of a car as both spearmans and the scatter graphs showed this as it had the strongest relationship with the price. Mileage and age came out to have very similar affects of price but still age was found to be just that bit mo re important to price than mileage. Perhaps if I looked at a another sample of cars I will find that mileage has a bigger affect on price than age as I still believe this to so.I have found that my second hypothesis in which I stated that small cars have the smallest spread in price to be true and correct. Through looking at cumulative frequency graphs and box plots for the different sizes of cars I can see that small cars do have a small spread where most of the car prices are concentrated. Where as large cars have very varied price ranging from quite low to high, this is apparent in its box plot it is very big com pared to the other two.In relation to my third hypothesis I can now say that this is also not true as a I have found out that in this sample of cars that I took large cars seem to hold their strongest not depreciate in value as fast as medium or small carsOverall I feel that this investigation has been a great success as I have managed to find the answers I was looking f or at the start. I didnt have mush trouble with this investigation, but only that it was fairly confusing to get started as there a lot of data handling to be done.ImprovementsImprovements that could be made to this investigation are as follows,Using as sample of cars that had even numbers of each size of car.When looking at the cumulative frequency using small intervals to plot the graph as this will help analysing the data.Looking at cars with greater mileages and investigating more factor that could possibly affect the second hand price of a car.

Romeo And Juliet Essays - English-language Films, Free Essays

Romeo And Juliet Essays - English-language Films, Free Essays Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare's plays about tragedy. It is about two lovers who commit suicide when their feuding famillies prevent them from being together. The play has many characters, each with its own role in keeping the plot line. Some characters have very little to do with the plot but some have the plot revolving around them. Friar Lawrence does not have very much time on stage but the time he does have is crucial to the plot line. Through his words Friar Lawrence demonstrates the he is a good intentioned, yet sometimes short-sighted, man who is not afraid to take risks to help others One of Friar Lawrences most favourable traits is how good intentioned he is. He may do something out of the ordinary if he thinks the outcome will help someone he cares for. For example, when he says "In one respect I'll thy assistant be; for this alliance may so happy prove, to turn your households rancour to pure love."(Act 2, Scene 3), he is saying that the only reason he will marry Romeo and Juliet is because he hopes that the marriage will end the hostilities between the two houses. When he says "Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift, and hither shall he come; and he and I shall watch thy waking, and that very night shall Romeo bear thee to Mantua." (Act 4, Scene 1), he tells Juliet how everything will be all right. Unfortunately, for all his good intentions the play still ends in tragedy. Friar Lawrence is a man who is not afraid to take risks when he feels it is neccesary to help someone. For example in Act 2, Scene 6, when he marries Romeo and Juliet, he is risking his reputation as a Friar so he can help the two lovers. Also, when he says "Take thou this vial, being then in bed, and this distilled liquor drink though off;" (Act 4, Scene 1), he is suggesting that Juliet drink a potion so that she might feighn her own death and avoid marrying Paris. This is an extremely risky thing to do because anything might happen to Juliet while she unconscious. Even after all Friar did to help Romeo and Juliet the play still ended in tragedy because of Friar Lawrences' short sightedness. When the Friar married Romeo Juliet in secrecy, he did not think of all the complications that would arise but instead went on with the marriage because at that time he thought it was the right thing to do. In Act 4, Scene 1, he gave Juliet a sleeping potion without thinking of the possible outcomes of such an outrages plan. He admits that much of the fault of the tragedy lies in his hands when he says "And her I stand both to impeach and purge myself condemned and myself excused", and when he say "Her nurse is privy; and, if aught in this miscarried by myself..." (Act 5, Scene 3). Although Friar Lawrence does not have an especially large role, his role is none the less important. It is because of his good intentions that he was willing to help his friends that Romeo and Juliet were married - a key event in the play. It is because of his willingness to take risks for his friends that Juliet aqquired the sleeping potion - another key event in the play. Finally, it was the shortsightedness of his actions that in part led to the deaths of the two lead characters. This demonstartes that Friar Lawrence was a man who was a man with good intentions who was willing to take risks to help his frieneds. If he had been any other way, the play might not have turned out the way it did.

Saul Alinsky

Saul Alinsky Saul Alinsky was a political activist and organizer whose work on behalf of poor residents of American cities brought him recognition in the 1960s. He published a book, Rules For Radicals, which appeared in the heated political environment of 1971  and went on to become familiar over the years mostly to those who study political science. Alinsky, who died in 1972, was perhaps destined to fade into obscurity. Yet his name unexpectedly surfaced  with some degree of prominence during high-profile political campaigns in recent years. Alinskys  reputed influence as an organizer has been wielded as a weapon against current political figures, most notably Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. Alinsky was known to many  in the 1960s. In 1966 the New York Times Magazine published a profile of him titled Making Trouble Is Alinskys Business, a lofty credential for any social activist at the time. And his involvement in various actions, including strikes and protests, received media coverage. Hillary Clinton, as a student at Wellesley College, wrote a senior thesis about Alinskys activism and writings. When she ran for president in 2016 she was attacked for supposedly being a disciple of Alinsky, despite having disagreed with some of the tactics he advocated. Despite the negative attention Alinsky has received in recent years, he was generally respected in his own time. He worked with clergymen and business owners and in his writings and speeches, he stressed self-reliance. Though a self-proclaimed radical, Alinsky  considered himself a patriot and urged Americans to take greater responsibility in society. Those who worked with him recall a man with a sharp mind and a sense of humor who was genuinely concerned with helping those who, he believed, were not being treated fairly in society. Early Life Saul David Alinsky was born in Chicago, Illinois, on January 30, 1909. His parents, who were Russian Jewish immigrants, divorced when he was 13, and Alinsky moved to Los Angeles with his father. He returned to Chicago to attend the University of Chicago, and received a degree in archaeology in 1930. After winning a fellowship to continue his education, Alinsky studied criminology. In 1931, he began to work for the Illinois state government as a sociologist studying topics including juvenile delinquency and organized crime. That work provided a practical education in the problems of urban neighborhoods in the depths of the Great Depression. Activism After several years, Alinsky left his government post to become involved in citizen activism. He co-founded an organization, the Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council, which was focused on bringing about political reform that would improve life in the ethnically diverse neighborhoods adjacent to the famous Chicago stockyards. The organization worked with clergy members, union officials, local business owners, and neighborhood groups to combat problems such as unemployment, insufficient housing, and juvenile delinquency. The Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council, which still exists today, was largely successful in bringing attention to local problems and seeking solutions from the Chicago city government. Following that progress, Alinsky, with funding from the Marshall  Field Foundation, a prominent Chicago charity, launched a more ambitious organization, the Industrial Areas Foundation. The new organization was intended to bring organized action to a variety of neighborhoods in Chicago. Alinsky, as executive director, urged citizens to organize to address grievances. And he advocated protest actions. In 1946, Alinsky published his first book Reveille For Radicals. He argued that democracy would function best if people organized in groups, generally in their own neighborhoods. With organization and leadership, they could then exert political power in positive ways. Though Alinsky proudly used the term radical, he was advocating legal protest within the existing system. In the late 1940s, Chicago experienced racial tensions, as African Americans who had migrated from the South began to settle in the city. In December 1946 Alinskys status as an expert on Chicagos social issues was reflected in an article in the New York Times in which he expressed his fears that Chicago might erupt in major race riots. In 1949 Alinsky published a second book, a biography of John L. Lewis, a prominent labor leader. In a New York Times review of the book, the newspapers labor correspondent called it entertaining and lively, but criticized it for overstating Lewiss desire to challenge Congress and various presidents.   Spreading His Ideas Throughout the 1950s, Alinsky continued his work in trying to improve neighborhoods which he believed mainstream society was ignoring. He began to travel beyond Chicago, spreading his style of advocacy, which centered on protest actions which would pressure, or embarrass, governments to tend to critical issues. As the social changes of the 1960s began to shake America, Alinsky was often critical of young activists. He constantly urged them to organize, telling them that although it was often boring daily work, it would provide benefits in the long run. He told young people not to wait around for a leader with charisma to emerge, but to get involved themselves. As the United States grappled with the problems of poverty and slum neighborhoods, Alinskys ideas seemed to hold promise. He was invited to organize in the barrios of California as well as in poor neighborhoods in cities in upstate New York. Alinsky was often critical of government anti-poverty programs and often found himself at odds with Great Society programs of Lyndon Johnsons administration. He also experienced conflicts with organizations who had invited him to participate in their own anti-poverty programs. In 1965, Alinskys abrasive nature was one of the reasons Syracuse University chose to cut ties with him. In a newspaper interview at the time, Alinsky said: Ive never treated anyone with reverence. That goes for religious leaders, mayors, and millionaires. I think irreverence is basic to a free society. The New York Times Magazine article about him, published on October 10, 1966, quoted what Alinsky would often say to those he sought to organize: The only way to upset the power structure is to goad them, confuse them, irritate them, and most of all, make them live by their own rules. If you make them live by their own rules, youll destroy them. The October 1966 article also described his tactics: In a quarter-century as a professional slum organizer, Alinsky, who is 57, has goaded, confused, and infuriated the power structures of two score communities. In the process he has perfected what social scientists now call Alinsky-type protest, an explosive mixture of rigid discipline, brilliant showmanship, and a street fighters instinct for ruthlessly exploiting his enemys weakness.Alinsky has proved that the fastest way for slum tenants to get results is to picket their landlords suburban homes with signs reading: Your Neighbor Is A Slumlord. As the 1960s went on, Alinskys tactics delivered mixed results, and some localities which had invited were disappointed. In 1971 he published Rules For Radicals, his third and final book. In it, he provides advice for political action and organizing. The book is written in his distinctively irreverent voice, and is filled with entertaining stories that illustrate the lessons he learned over decades of organizing in various communities. On June 12, 1972, Alinsky  died of a heart attack at his home in Carmel, California. Obituaries noted his long career as an organizer. Emergence as a Political Weapon After Alinskys death, some organizations he worked with continued. And Rules For Radicals  became something of a textbook for those interested in community organizing. Alinsky himself, however, generally faded from memory, especially when compared to other figures Americans recalled from the socially turbulent 1960s. The relative obscurity of Alinsky abruptly  ended when Hillary Clinton entered electoral politics. When her opponents discovered that she had written her thesis on Alinsky, they became eager to link her to the long-dead self-professed radical. It was true that Clinton, as a college student, had corresponded with Alinsky, and had written a thesis about his work (which purportedly disagreed with his tactics). At one point, a young Hillary Clinton was even invited to work for Alinsky. But she tended to believe that his tactics were too outside the system, and she chose to attend law school rather than join one of his organizations. The weaponizing of Alinskys reputation accelerated when Barack Obama ran for president in 2008. His few years as a community organizer in Chicago seemed to mirror Alinskys career. Obama and Alinsky never had any contact, of course, as Alinsky died when Obama was not yet in his teens. And the organizations Obama worked for were not those founded by Alinsky. In the 2012 campaign, the name of Alinsky surfaced again as an attack against President Obama as he ran for reelection. And in 2016, at the Republican National Convention, Dr. Ben Carson invoked Alinsky in a peculiar accusation against Hillary Clinton. Carson claimed that Rules For Radicals had been dedicated to Lucifer, which was not accurate. (The book was dedicated to Alinskys wife, Irene; Lucifer was mentioned in passing in a series of epigraphs pointing out historic traditions of protest.) The emergence of Alinskys reputation as essentially a smear tactic to use against political opponents has only given him great prominence, of course. HIs two instructional books, Reveille for Radicals and Rules For Radicals remain in print in paperback editions. Given his irreverent sense of humor, he would probably consider the attacks upon his name from the radical right to be a great compliment. And his legacy as someone who sought to shake up the system seems secure.

Answer a question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer a question - Essay Example Similarly, Andrews and Karlin purports that metacognition is the way an individual is aware of what they know and what they do not know. Moreover, it is also known as the knowledge and the control an individual has over his own learning, thinking, and how he analyzes his thought processes (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (page 29 Line 1 to 4). Evidently, metacognition is related to thinking, especially when one is analyzing their thought process of not understanding a concept as well as the ability of communicating ones lack of understanding. For instance, in a science lesson a deaf student who reads, in English, a science section of black holes who shows excellent metacognition strategies that are associated to thinking. Then using American Sign Language (ASL) the students informs the teacher his lack of understanding the concept of black holes. Consequently, the teacher then provides an explanation in ASL to the student. The student also uses English text and employs translation together w ith code switching strategies. As such the student is demonstrating metacognitive awareness in informing the teacher that he does not understand. Moreover, he is thinking together with analyzing his thought processes of not comprehending the concept of black holes and shows the ability to communicate that he does not understand (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (Page 29 line 3 to 12). On the other hand, metacognition is also related to reading skills. Mostly, the strategies that are normally used in reading include meta-comprehension and metalinguistic awareness skills. Meta-comprehension is the readers’ awareness and control over their own comprehension. For example, a skilled deaf reader knows how to approach a text, locate an important piece of information, and also how to summarize important points and organize information as well as how to make wise decisions on how to best process the reading task. In addition, good deaf readers also set a purpose for reading, make predictions w ith regard to the meaning, form good hypothesis, form mental judgments, monitor their understanding as they read, use prior knowledge effectively, fix a difficulty when it arises, and realize the variety of strategies they can employ after the comprehension breakdown (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (Page 29 lines 32 to 45). On the other hand, the least skilled deaf readers will tend to rely on the pictures, do not have the ability over the text, misunderstand the text, have limited strategies and tend to get frustrated easily and give in the process (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (Page 30 lines 1 to 3). Moreover, Andrews and Mason claims that metacognitive skills increase the reading comprehension of the underachieving readers. For instance, although teaching metacognitive comprehension strategies does not automatically guarantee successful reading comprehension among the deaf students, effective instructional approaches will enable the deaf students to use the strategies as a tool to comprehend English texts (Andrews & Mason, 1991) (Page 544 lines 41 to 50). Better readers normally possess good metacognitive strategy and they are also interested in reading as compared to the poor readers (Baker & Beall, 2009) (Page 381, line 8 to 11). Personal experience After knowing the effectiveness of the metacognition

Innovations in on-line payment systems for retail customers Thesis

Innovations in on-line payment systems for retail customers - Thesis Example Master’s Thesis INNOVATIONS IN ON-LINE PAYMENT SYSTEMS FOR RETAIL CUSTOMERS MICHAEL YUSHCHENKO INNOVATIONS IN ON-LINE PAYMENT SYSTEMS FOR RETAIL CUSTOMERS Master’s Thesis At the Frankfurt School of Finance and Management Supervised by Dr. Dirk Rudolph Prof. Dr. ... The cash is transformed into electronic format. There are many types of payment systems in the world now, but the doubt lies in matters of security. It is very important to identify the secure way of online payment mode. In e-commerce the transaction usually takes place between the client, the trader and the bank. The client transfers the money to the seller through the web with the help of online banking services and the desired product is delivered to the buyer at his/ her doorstep (Abrazhevich 1-3). An electronic payment system must have the following characteristics: Security: The most important thing in online payment system is the security of transaction. Unfortunately, the electronic money is considered a simple file like the other files, which can be copied. So the problem of copying or double spending of the money should be avoided. Transferability: This deals with the transfer of funds from one account to another without a bank intermediary. Flexibility: The payment gateway must give enough flexibility to the buyers and sellers to make payments from alternative forms payment options. Reliability: The payment system must be available to eliminate system errors (Bhasker 357-358). It has been studied that in the year 2010, the market share for credit card payments has increased about 40 percent in North America. Due to this reason, American Express has launched digital payment systems in the year 2011. This would offer different forms of payment systems to the customers. In Latin America about 70 percent of the customers prefer online payment systems to traditional payment methods. In Brazil systems like SafetyPay, and BrasPag are working together to bring about a revolution in the online payment market.

SWOT Analysis of Performance Analysis of Primark

SWOT Analysis of Performance Analysis of Primark PowerPoint Presentation and Written Assessment Executive Summary This report provides information to potential investors using ratio analysis to examine profitability, liquidity, efficiency, the gearing of Primark Ltd for 2015. The report will pay much attention to earning power, liquidity, credit management, debt management, inventory management, and capital structure of Primark by comparing it with three other competitors: Next Plc, TJX UK and House of Fraser. The report highlight on major strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of Primark within the Fashion retail business to aid potential to make a better-informed decision to invest in Primark. The report analyses the financial situation of Primark with its competitors and provides a recommendation for improvement. Primark recorded a significant increase of 7.57% of Return on Capital Employed (ROCE). 2015 saw an increase of 3.76% in turnover. Business and Financial Situation Primark is a subsidiary of the Association of British Food (ABF) Group. The company was incorporated in 1969 in Ireland trading with the name Pennys. Primark is headquartered in Dublin. Primark has grown over the years to carve a niche for itself to be a major high street clothing retailer with an appearance of over 238 branches in UK, Ireland and Europe. Primark offers inventive, trendy clothes at value-for-money prices. Like several fashion retail companies, Primark does not manufacture its products itself. The firm works with suppliers to produce to its requirement. The firm relies on low cost, economies of scale and efficient distribution strategies to sustain its competitive market position. Turnover of Primark between the financial years 2015 and 2014 increased from 2,786,250,000 to 2,890,892,000 which indicates an increase of 3.76% of the 2014 turnover. Primark recorded an 80.47% Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) for 2015 which is 7.57% increase of 2014 ROCE. Profitability of Primark for the year under review did not see much improvement. Primark gained a feeble 0.74% and 0.40% for gross profit margin and operating profit margin respectively. The net profit margin, on the other hand, saw a partly 0.35% in net margin. Overall, profitability grew under 1% for the year under review. There could be many factors causing this partly less than 1% increase in profitability. Competition, increase in operating expenses, the general economy, etc. The Liquidity ratios analyse Primarks ability to meet its short-term obligations as and when they fall due. In general, the ratio assesses how easy it is for Primark to convert its assets into cash. The acceptable range of current ratio is between 0.5 and 2.0. Current ratio and quick ratio saw a partly increase of 0.09 and 0.02 respectively which indicates Primark is operating outside the acceptable range of current ratio. In reality, the current and acid test ratios do not indicate Primark is risky for investors, but Primark operates in an industry where cash is the standard Primarks activity ratios show how it has been effective in utilising its assets to generate income, how long it takes to collect cash from its sales and also make payment for its purchases. Primarks inventory turnover times saw a drop of 1 stock turnover times in 2015 which translated into an increase in the number of inventory turnover period by 8days. This means Primark now require 8 more days to sell off its inventory. Primark has a favourable creditors collection period which allows them ample time to sell off inventory then make payment to suppliers. A 0.10 drop in accounts payable turnover translates into 12 days reduction in creditors collection periods in 2015 which is still favourable to Primark. This indicates Primark mostly buy its inventory on credit. Receivables turnover has reduced from 127 times in 2014 to 50.41 times in 2015. This reduction in receivables turnover translates into an increase of 4 days from 2.87 days in 2014 to 7.24 days in 2015. The increases of 0.05 in asset turnover in 2015 translated into an increase of 3.76% in sales in 2015. Primark is not a highly geared company, this show that the operation of the company is financed through equity. There is a slight decline on the dependence on outside sources of funding from 8.80% to 8%. This is good news for Primark. This indicates that for every  £1 of capital employed 8% is debt and the rest of capital employed financed through equity. The debt to equity ratio of Primark is very high debt-to-equity ratio. There is a slight reduction in the debt-to-equity ratio from 4.62:1 in 2014 to 3.83:1 in 2015. The debt-to-equity ratio indicates that the proportion of Primarks assets financed by creditors are 4.62 and 3.83 times more in 2015 and 2014 respectively than the proportion of assets financed through Primarks equity. The ratio also indicates that, for every  £4.62 total liabilities in 2015 and every  £3.83 of total liabilities in 2014, equity can pay  £1 of it. The acceptable debt-to-equity ratio for most companies is 1.5 2. Primarks high debt-to-equity ratio is as a result of purchasing most of its inventory on credit. The high debt-to-equity ratio does not necessarily mean Primark is risky for investors. Primark is able to generate enough cash because it sells for cash and has also got a favourable creditors collection period of 203 days. Evaluation of Primark with Peers Profitability Primark and Next Plc managed less than 1% increase in gross margin for the year 2015. Next saw a little over one 1% increase in gross margin whilst House of Fraser recorded a decrease of 0.25% in gross margin for 2015. The gross margin of the four firms shows stability in gross margin. Operating margin saw an increase between 0.4% and 1.33% for Primark, Next Plc and TJX UK with only House of Fraser achieving -1.36% in operating margin. House of Fraser with its 58.72% gross margin could manage only 2.64% as operating margin. This is very bad. The picture shows House of Fraser is practising the premium pricing strategy where businesses set cost higher than their competitors as result records low sales. The operating profit margin of Next Plc is almost twice as much of Primarks operating margin. Primark also recorded operating margin little below twice the operating margin of TJX UK whilst TJX UK recorded operating margin little over twice that of House of Fraser. Primark on profitabili ty is doing well looking at the intense competition within the clothing retail industry. Liquidity Liquidity for Primark, Next Plc and TJX UK saw a slight increase in House of Fraser recording a decrease in current ratio. The slight increase in currency ratio means Primark earned 10p, Next Plc earned 6p, and TJX UK earned 28p more of current assets to pay short-term obligations. House of Fraser on the other hand lost 5p of current assets to pay short-term liabilities. The quick ratio is an indication that Primark, TJX UK and House of Fraser have inventory as the larger portion of current assets. Lenders and creditors are very much interested in this ratio as it helps them determine whether Primark, Next Plc, TJX UK and House of Fraser would be able to meet its future obligations. Primark has the least current and quick ratios of 0.37 and 0.05 respectively to  £1 of current liabilities. Efficiency The efficiency with which Primark, Next Plc and House of Fraser use to turn its inventory into sale has reduced. Primark, Next Plc and House of Fraser all had a reduction in their stock turnover times for 2015 with only TJX UK having a slight increase in their stock turnover times which reduced their stock turnover periods by 1.02 days. The decrease in stock turnover for Primark, Next Plc and House of Fraser is insignificant at stock turnover ratio but that is not the same at the stock turnover periods level. The decrease in stock turnover led to an increase of 8 days in stock turnover periods for Primark and Next Plc with House of Fraser having 3.8 days increase in stock turnover periods. All other things being equal, a higher stock turnover and lower stock turnover periods are better. The receivables turnover and receivables turnover periods indicates House of Fraser performed a little better than Primark, Next Plc and TJX UK. The ratios indicate Primark and Next Plc have relaxed credit policies for which debtor are taking advantage of it or they are having problems collecting from customers. All else equal, higher receivables turnover with lower receivables turnover period is better. The 203 days accounts payable days of Primark shows Primark takes more than 6 months to pay creditors, House of Fraser takes more than 2 years to pay its creditors with its 733.67 accounts payable days. The account payable days of Primark and House of Fraser is an indication that they are paying creditors slowly which is good for Primark and House of Fraser on the other hand, its an indication of worsening financial conditions. Creditors would be comfortable with 28.97 days and 36.37 days account payable days of Next Plc and TJX UK respectively. Analysis of the current business environment affecting UK clothing Retail Industry The environments that affect the UK clothing industry can be categorised into Macro and microenvironment. The macro environments consist of factors that affect all organisations across industries. These factors would be analysed using the Porters Five Forces Analysis. According to Grant 2005, the varying degrees of the factors within the business environment (industry) would determine the pressure, competition level and the profit it will make. The five sources analysed by Michael Porter are competition from new entrants, Competition from established rivals, competition from substitutes, bargaining power of buyers and bargaining power of suppliers. Markets that are profitable keep on attracting new entrants and the clothing retail market is no exception. With a minimum capital requirement of the clothing retail market, its easy for new companies to enter and as a result of the eventual profits across the industry decrease. The only way that Primark and other big firms can secure their market is to take advantage of their economies of scale. Establish more outlets to enable them to sell at a cheaper price to induce sales. By this, new entrants would not be able to compete. Customers have got over thousand and one substitutes to choose from within the clothing retail market. There are many well-established competitors and well-branded substitutes within the clothing retail market for customers to make a choice but the ultimate goal of the customer is to pay less for better quality. Primark should offer the best quality at an affordable price that customers would be able to pay. The clothing industry is fragmented with the intense rivalry between retail companies. Next Plc, JTX UK and House of Fraser are all rivals to Primark but Primark has got some loyal customers who are satisfied with Primarks brand. Primark should protect its brand as customers are interested in the brand they associated themselves with. Any negative reputation will affect Primarks image which competitors would take advantage of. The saturation of the clothing retail market has led to a highly competitive environment where customers have many brands to choose from. Buyers power is high as they have lots of alternatives to choose from. For Primark to defuse this power, it must offer lower prices, varieties of unique designs, high quality, quality customer service and solid brand image that customers would not be able to reject. With the aim of attracting every potential buyer, suppliers of Primark would have lower supplier power the firm tries to satisfy the needs of its customers with variety. Primark source its products from cheap economies and suppliers have to supply based on agreed standards and designs. SWOT Analysis of Primark The SWOT Analysis provides strategic analysis of Primarks business operations which would provide a competitive advantage over its competitors. This analysis shows the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of Primark within the clothing retail market. Strengths The business model of Primark is based on high sales volumes and lower retail margins with minimal advertising which enable it to offer low prices to customers. Primark takes advantage of bulk buying which help it to enjoy economies of scale to enables it to keep cost down. Primark has an extensive range of products including childrenswear, menswear, lingerie, accessories and footwear. Primark has got strong presence across UK and Europe with over 280 stores and also known in Ireland as Penneys. Primark employs about 50000 people around the world Weakness Primark has outsourced its manufacturing line and this may lead to inconsistencies in quality. The slow economic growth of UK and EU has held the group profit back. The online retail channel is the fasters retail market in the UK and Primark has no presence for the online market. Opportunities Clothing is an essential product for everyone especially the youth population and that there is a constant demand for clothing. Primark should extend its presence to the USA, Africa, Middle East, China and India. One of the fastest growing segments of Primark is sportswear. Threats Primark has got no presence in emerging markets like Africa and its sales are dependent on the health of the UK and EU economy so any shock to the economy would be a disaster. There is an intense competition between online retailers and physical retailers and Primark is no exception. Businesses like Primark with operations in Europe are griped with fear as the government approach to Brexit saga would affect their operations in EU market. Share Valuation of Primark Primarks shares could be currently valued at  £6.98 per share. Looking at the performance of Primark with its peers the stock price of Primark could be sold at a premium. I would recommend a  £10 price per share for Primarks stock in the IPO. Conclusion Primark rub shoulders with the big brands within the industry in terms of sales and have the potential for IPO. The corporate governance of Primark must be strengthening so that directors and officers would not take advantage of weak corporate government structure. With the worsening performance of the British pounds against the Euro and the US dollar, a critical assessment of the UK governments Brexit policies and the impact that Brexit would have on the UK economy and its relationship with the rest of Europe must be done. For now, I would recommend suspension of Primarks IPO, to enable it to conduct a critical analysis of the Brexit Policies of the UK government and the impact it would have on businesses. Forecast With the financial year 2014 to 2015, Primarks turnover increased by 3.76% we still presume that Primark would be able to achieve 3.5% increase in sales revenue. The weakening value of the British pounds as a result of Brexit will hit Primark because it sources its product in the US dollar. This would increase the cost of sales, operating cost and interest payable of Primark. The 3.5% expected increase in sales revenue and 3% increase in the cost of sale would result in an increase of 5.52% in gross profit. In all, it is estimated that Primark would be able to achieve about 2.53% increase in Profit after Tax for the year 2016. Factors That May Impact Primarks Share Valuation Investors must carefully evaluate the information they obtain about an organisation to help develop current and future expectation value. The value of Primark would be determined by both internal factors, which are under the control of the management of Primark. Key factor that would influence the value of Primark are; Profitability The ability of Primark to generate a profit would attract investors to invest their resources into the company. Investors want to see appreciable returns on their investments and Primark has the prospect and ability to generate profit to multiply shareholders wealth. Growth For all other things being equal, companies with a strong demonstration of growth trends attracts potential investors and commands higher multiples. As Primark expand its presence in Europe, US, India and other emerging markets, it will create an opportunity for higher sales and profitability for which investors would be attracted to. Risk Investor wants to protect their investment by avoiding high-risk companies for less risk once. Investors would use any of the following to evaluate Primark as a high risk or less Risk Company. Market analysis the clothing retail market is open and there are no barriers to entry, Primark should put enough strategies in place so that the activities of new entrants would not affect it. Management Primark needs people with vast knowledge and experience on its management to implement its policies and strategies and set effective succession plan. Internal control investors would want to see the review and audit Primarks financial statements. Financial situation investor would want to see Primark with the strong balance sheet to prove its financial position, capital structure this will help them determine if Primark would be able to meet its financial obligations. Corporate Governance Recommendation Its a legal requirement of all companies seeking to get listed on the LSE to have a suitable corporate governance system impaled. Corporate governance is special machinery for regulating risk in organisations activities by preventing corporate disasters, scandals, and consequential losses and damages to investors, society and staff. To this end, Primark must have a suitable corporate governance policy in placed. We would recommend Primark to adopt the corporate governance structure below. Annual General Meeting That is the highest decision-making body where directors would render accounts of their stewardship to shareholders and shareholders would have the opportunity to evaluate the report of directors to give them the opportunity to continue their stewardship or vote them out. Board of Directors Primark should have a board where each member has the appropriate set of experience, independence, skills and knowledge to manage Primark. Audit Committee there must be audit committee who will report to the board. Members of the audit committee should comprise of only members of Primarks board whose responsibility would be to identify matters that needs action is taken or improvements and make recommendations with the processes to be taken. The audit committee has the duty to review internal controls, the integrity of financial statements and internal audit. Management Board Primark should have a strong and well-experienced management board that would be responsible for the implementation of policy direction and strategies set by the board and the day-to-day running of the business. Internal Audit there should be an internal audit unit that would provide an independent assurance that Primarks risk management, internal control system and governance are operating effectively. External Auditor as part of the requirements to list on the London stock Exchange, Primark needs to appoint an independent external auditor who will provide an independent opinion whether management has fairly presented the information provided in Primarks financial statements. Annual Report management of Primark should provide an annual report and get it approved by shareholders at the annual general meeting. Benefits of Corporate Governance Good corporate governance ensures corporate success and economic growth. Strong corporate governance maintains investors confidence, as a result of which, company can raise capital efficiently and effectively. It lowers the cost of capital. There is a positive impact on the share price. It provides proper inducement to the owners as well as managers to achive objectives that are in interests of the shareholders and the organisation. Good corporate governance also minimises wasteges, corruption, risk and mismanagement. It hepls in brand formation and development. It ensures organisation is managed in a manner that fits the best interest of all. Reference Atrill, P., McLaney, E. (2010a). Accounting and finance for non-specialists (7th ed.). Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Atrill, P., McLaney, E. (2010b). Accounting and finance for non-specialists (7th ed.). Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Harford, J., jo.., jarrad harford, jarrad harford jonathan berk peter demarzo (2008). Fundamentals of corporate finance international financial reporting standards edition (Softcover Internatinal). Boston: Pearson Education (US). Board, F. A. S., St, F. A., ., ards, Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (2004). Statements of financial accounting concepts: Accounting standards as of June 1, 2004. New York: Financial Accounting Standards Board. Coltman, Coltman, E. (2012). Refreshingly simple finance for small business: A straight-talking guide to finance and accounting. United Kingdom: Brightword Publishing. Crowther, D., Crowther, P. D. (2012). A social critique of corporate reporting: Semiotics and web-based integrated reporting (2nd ed.). Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. Emmanuel, C. R., Otley, D., Merchant, K. (1995). Readings in accounting for management control (the Chapman hall series in accounting and finance) (2nd ed.). London: International Thomson Business Press. European edition. (2017, January 5). Retrieved January 6, 2017, from bloomberg.com, https://www.bloomberg.com/europe Fund prices and data. (2016). Retrieved January 6, 2017, from Morningstar, http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/ Horner, D., Gillespie, A. (2000a). Accounting and finance: An analytical and evaluative approach to business studies (A level B.. London: Hodder Stoughton Educational. Horner, D., Gillespie, A. (2000b). Accounting and finance: An analytical and evaluative approach to business studies (A level B.. London: Hodder Stoughton Educational. Hrsg (2013a). Integrated reporting: Concepts and cases that redefine corporate accountability. Dordrecht: Springer International Publishing AG. Hrsg (2013b). Integrated reporting: Concepts and cases that redefine corporate accountability. Dordrecht: Springer International Publishing AG. Kim, S. H. (1998). Global corporate finance: Text and cases (4th ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. Lee, T. A. (2006). Corporate governance and financial reporting. Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley, John Sons. Limited, K. N. (2016, June 10). Primark stores limited. Retrieved January 6, 2017, from www.keynote.co.uk, https://www.keynote.co.uk/company-report/financials/profit-loss/00453448 (Limited, 2016) Media, B. L. (2017). ACCA P2 corporate reporting (international UK): Study text. United Kingdom: BPP Learning Media. Appendixes

“Hunters in the Snow” by Tobias Wolff Essay

In â€Å"Hunters in the Snow† by Tobias Wolff, we see three characters who apparently appear to be close friends but then as the story moves they lose their patience with each other. In the story, the reader notices how the cold temperatures started to create an impact on each of the characters. It brings out the complexities in their character. In due course of time the reader comes across the true self of the characters. Their simmering resentment towards each other is aptly highlighted by the author amidst the appropriate setting of the cold bleak winter season. When concentrating on the conversation that takes place between the men the reader realizes that underneath all the friendship there is a cruelness of words that cuts to the deep as the men flaunt the others weaknesses and seem to be ignorant of the effect that the words will have on the emotional state of the other. The atmosphere plays a very crucial role in defining the theme for a story. When used to its full potential it can stir deep feelings in the reader that go beyond rational thought. Tobias Wolff in his short story †Hunters in the Snow† uses this factor to create atmosphere and a sense of crisis. The story craftly uses the setting and thereby makes it a fascinating study in self-absorption. Wolff draws three strongly distinct characters in a small space, and again manages to convey the ambiguities and complexities of human interaction and personal struggle. The story begins with Tub waiting for his friends Frank and Kenny â€Å"for an hour in the falling snow.† In the same paragraph we find Tub is walking down the street, carrying a rifle and seemingly, shooting the breeze. The cold and the waiting surely creates an impact in the mood of the character. Tub is restless from the wait and the cold adds on to it. Besides, aiming at the breeze fairly depicts that the character continues to be impatient and will later ironically reflect the true nature of Tub. The snow let up, but still there was no edge to the land where it met the sky. Nothing moved in the chalky fields. The cold bleached their faces and made the stubble stand out on their cheeks and along their upper lips. They stopped twice for coffee before they got to the woods where Kenny wanted to hunt.   Wolff builds up the story on the platform of cold weather and the impact of the cold on each character slowly builds up. As they ride together in Kenny’s truck, we learn more about them. They are traveling in an old truck with a hole in the windshield, making it a very cold journey.   Once again the cold seems to follow them throughout the journey. On the trip into the woods, and while they are walking around searching for tracks, we realize the fact that Kenny and Frank don’t seem to like Tub very much. Not only that, they seems to exclude him from walking with them in the forest, they make fun of him about his eating habits and even try driving off without him. Tub, had an overweight problem and because of the cold temperatures and the snow he couldn’t keep up easily with his friends. â€Å"When Tub crossed the last fence into the toad the truck started moving. Tub had to run for it and just managed to grab hold of the tailgate and hoist himself into the bed. He lay there, panting. Kenny looked out the rear window and grinned.† Kenny kept taunting Tub about his weight all the while. Even though he appeared to be the most sensitive guy in the group, the reader sees a changed character in him at the end. It is probable that Kenny tortured Tub to an intolerable point and that Kenny’s joke backfired. It is through misunderstanding that Tub shoots Kenny. The difficulty that he was going through walking in the cold weather and troubled with himself bothered him enough and made him more and more impatient with time. Apparently we find the nice guy ending up shooting his friend Kenny. This reaction wasn’t expected from him but the reader can feel the frustration that this character has in his life and how the need of keeping warm made him leave his friend behind. Later in the story, Tub finally reveals to Frank the truth about his gluttony. Tub admits, â€Å"I’ve even got stuff (snacks)†¦ He who is â€Å"self conscious about his weight and in denial about his gluttony† apparently ends up in a confession while he tries to keep himself warm during their journey towards the hospital. Frank, on the other hand, seems much more mature and emotionally stable then Tub, while also seems to be the parent figure of the group. He â€Å"doesn’t care about his wife, and is in denial about his lust.† Frank was troubled with his family. He liked a fifteen year old girl who was his babysitter. The freezing temperature and his confused thoughts kept running through his head all the while. This prevented him from thinking rationally and therefore it did not bother him after Kenny was shot and lay freezing to death in the back of the truck. His selfishness was so obvious when kept talking only about himself. This reached its limit when he tried to keep himself warm and thereby ended up taking Kenny’s blankets and let him back there without any regret. He seemed to be the toughest one among them but when Tub couldn’t take him anymore and confronted him he backed up and showed otherwise. In the beginning, he seems like a simple guy. He just basically does whatever Kenny demands of him, and seems to be the calm, undemanding one of the trio. He tells Kenny and Tub to stop obsessing over the hunting: â€Å"‘Relax,’ Frank said. ‘You can’t hurry nature. If we’re meant to get that deer, we’ll get it. If we’re not, we won’t.’† (142). However, later in the story, the plot of the story begins to prove that Frank is not so innocent. He follows whoever has the most power at the moment. After the â€Å"power shift† from Kenny to Tub, Frank beings to follow Tub’s lead. He seems to not even care that his previous best friend is dying in the back of the truck†¦The hunting grounds and the cold weather makes them invariably confide in each other secrets about their personal lives, and enjoy each other’s company immensely. As the story continues, Tub and Frank become more interested in patching up their differences and less concerned with Kenny, to an extent that becomes strange. Kenny, appears to be the comic character of the bunch, and is always in a kind of light-hearted mood, joking around, even while shooting the dog. He â€Å"doesn’t care about anyone or anything.† Kenny appears to be going crazy in due course of time. With all playfulness he keeps saying â€Å"I hate that tree,† and shoots a tree. Next, he approaches the farmer’s dog, and says, â€Å"I hate that dog,† and shoots the dog. Finally, he approaches Tubs and says, â€Å"I hate you Tubs.†Ã‚   And this was when he was shot in his stomach by Tubs.   This reaction of Kenny’s shows his sheer desperation to an unsuccessful hunting trip. Frank and Tub even lie to Kenny at the end, letting him believe that he is being taken to the hospital even though they had no intentions of doing so. Kenny in the story bears the impact of cold to the maximum. He is left at the back in cold for a long time since Frank and Tubs were busy taking breaks to warm themselves up. His blankets are taken away to keep others warm. The story ends in a highly un- dramatic way, with Tub and Frank changing paths away from the hospital, and Kenny freezing in the truck bed, thinking he’s on his way to safety.   He tried to keep himself warm by repeating constantly that he is on his way to the hospital thereby fooling his own self till the end. His world comes to a standstill and he turns quieter than his usual self in pain and cold. His   pain made his brains numb and therefore even though he knew that he was no where near to the hospital, yet he kept repeating that he was on his way to the hospital. The monotony of words provided him the comfort of warmth. The freezing weather made these characters act erratically in the story. With Frank and Tub being in denial of what is happening, they neglected Kenny to the point of his death. Kenny lay at the back of the truck while Tub and Frank pull off to the side of the road three separate times, once for coffee, once to warm their hands from the frigid cold and a third time so Tub could hoard some pancakes because Frank felt pity for his seemingly unchangeable diet. These stops are increasingly random and seem completely inappropriate seeing that there is a man possibly dying in the back of the truck. This inconsiderate attitude of the three men who apparently called themselves as friends and the effect of their words targeted at each others weak points makes for a rather perverse realization that under these men’s simple appearances lies a cruel complexity of human nature, which is as frigid as the snow on the ground.† The reader realizes how all their internal problems plus the weather got into them and showed unexpected reactions from a group of friends that went on a trip. Wolff has taken an ordinary setting and environment of the woods and the snow,   and turned it into an extraordinary event for the three men participating in it. Literary critic, Karen Bernardo mentions, that the different turn the three friends have taken is away from being human beings, and towards being no better then animals.†    References: http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/26578.html Perrine’s Literature : Structure, Sound, and Sense (Hardcover); Thomas R. Arp (Author), Greg Johnson (Author) Bernardo, Karen. Tobias Wolff’s â€Å"Hunters in the Snow†. Storybites: A Taste of the World’s Best Short Stories. May 21, 2003.