War in Vietnam, The Opium War, and World War I Essay

War in Vietnam, The Opium War, and World War I - Essay Example In the 1970s, the globe averaged 31 wars each year. In the 1980s, the globe averaged more than 40 wars each year. In the 1990s, the globe averaged more than 40 wars each year. In 1992, the world hit a peak of 51-armed conflicts going on simultaneously. In 2002, there are 38-armed conflicts under way.Most of these conflicts since 1945 have been in the Global South and most have been civil wars (Kegley and Wittkopf 2004). The Vietnam War, Opium war, and the World War 1 were some of the bloodiest and most complicated war in human history. The people and governments involved in these conflicts found it hard to resolve the war easily because of their underlying deep-rooted causes. Some of the countries involved resort to conflict for varied reasons, but mostly fought for nationalism. Most North Vietnamese fought for their national interest while the U.S. fought for the preservation of Democracy. During the Opium War, the Chinese fought to defend their country from the harsh effects of opium trade while the British fought to preserve their colonial and economic interest. Moreover, the underlying causes of World War 1 were the intense nationalism that permeated Europe throughout the 19th and into the 20th century, the political and economic rivalry among nations, and the military buildup that occurred after 1871, when Germany emerged as a great world power (Harvey 2005). The differences in the goals for g oing into war of these countries contributed to the difficulty in achieving peace among them. The main reason why the war in Vietnam is difficult to contain is that it was caused by many conflicts in the past. The American involvement and the Vietnam War did not happen overnight. The Vietnam War developed as a sequel to the struggle (1946-54) between the French, who were the rulers of Indochina before World War II, and the Communist-led Viet Minh, or League for the Independence of Vietnam, founded and headed by the revolutionary leader. Ho Chi Minh. Having emerged as the strongest of the nationalist groups that fought the Japanese occupation of French Indochina during World War II, the league was determined to resist the reestablishment of French colonial rule and to implement political and social changes (Harvey 2005). Following the surrender of Japan to the Allies in August 1945, Viet Minh guerrillas seized the capital city of Hanoi and forced the abdication of Emperor. Bao Dai. On September 2, they declared Vietnam independent and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, commonly called North Vietnam, with Ho Chi Minh as president. France officially recognized the new state, but the subsequent inability of the Viet Minh and France to reach satisfactory political and economic agreements led to armed conflict beginning in December 1946. With French backing Bao Dai set up the state of Vietnam, commonly called South Vietnam, on July 1, 1949, and established a new capital at Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) (Harvey 2005). In most wars, the North Vietnamese were fighting for their nationalism and defending their land while the

In what ways were racial tensions intensified in the South during the Essay

In what ways were racial tensions intensified in the South during the Jackson Era How did the political parties respond Explain why - Essay Example Jeffersonian democracy sufficiently served the interests of a group and class of southern and western frontiers including the emerging class of urban workers. The policies introduced by Federalist Party were still common among minority of Americans who still supported the position of the federal government in reviving the economy (Remini 125). The second two-party system emerged slowly while the Republicans began engaging in regular conflicts over several issues. The followers of John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, who demanded that the federal government still required putting more efforts in a developing economy, became known as National Republicans (Remini 143). The followers of Andrew Jackson, Democratic-Republicans, became Democratic in 1828. During Jackson’s era, his contentious personality and controversial policies created no chance for reconciliation with the National Republicans (Remini 145). Half-way his second term, the rebelling group defected from the party, and became known as the Whig Party led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. The Democratic Party controlled the federal government as from 1828 to 1860, before losing two presidential elections to Whig Party (Remini 131). The democrats soon became the main supporters of slaveholders in the south. Other parties such as Whigs, The Free-Soil Party, the political arm of the abolitionists and the Liberty Party strongly opposed the Democrats (Remini139). The development of new Republican Party that called for the abolishment of slavery, and entry into slave-free states, and to reduce the influence of slave-owners in the federal government, saw them overpower other political parties including the Democratic Party (Remini

Mobile Messaging System Development for Higher Education

Mobile Messaging System Development for Higher Education Overview Mobiles are one of the most versatile electronics in the present scenario. It constantly keeps us connected with our near ones even when we are travelling out of our city or to another country. It reduces our tension and gives us feel as we are in home. The biggest advantage of mobile phones is they keep you connected. The developer tries to use this advantage in educational institution such as a college to bring down the interaction gap between management, teachers and students. 1.1 Topic: Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System 1.2 Purpose of the situation Everyone in this world wants to do the work at their fingertips. Mobile is best suitable solution to the problem. It minimizes our burdens (example reminder helps us from remembering all the birthdays, meeting etc). It also gives easier access to the internet anytime, anywhere. There is no doughty that our mobile has made our life a lot convenient. One can interact with anyone, anytime from anywhere through mobile. However there are limitations to it. What if a student wants to consult with a teacher for clearing dough about any topic when he is out for an interview? Generally teachers do not give their cell number to all students. What if a student wants to reserve a book from his college library when he is in the way to college? There may be a situation when college wants to inform all students about urgent information, but some of the student might not be present in the college. Suppose a student is in railway station and wants to confirm about the examination timetable for reserv ing railway seat to his home in the vacations. How can he confirm that? Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System (SCSMS) is a solution to make our life further one more step simpler and increase the services provided by the mobile to the next level. It is being developed mainly for an educational institute such as colleges. The main aim of the system is to reduce the communication gape between student, faculty and management. The Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is a mobile application which can be used from anywhere. Through Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System we can fix consultation, get news and lattà ©s updates, reserve library books, check library lone, download e-book from library etc. The student will be able to do lots of thing which they could not do if they were not in college so the application will increase the freedom of the student. 1.3 Target Reader As the application will be for educational institution like colleges the targeted reader will be:- Students: Students will be the most targeted user as they will be the most frequent user. The system is being designed keeping this thing in mind. Most of the features of the application revolve around the student. Teachers: Teachers will be seconde most frequent user. They will use the system mainly to assist the students. They will also use the system to deliver important information and news to the student. Management: The complete system will be maintained by the management. They will be the system administrator. It will be the job of management to create, delete and manage accounts. Moreover management can also send news to the students. 1.4 Topic Background In today’s scenario the whole world is sifting to the mobile application. It is known third wave in computer evolution series. With over 3 billion mobile users today, mobile devices have become the most ubiquitous communications medium in the hands of the consumers [2]. Mobile application developmentis quite an active arena today, much due to the popularity and increasing demand of mobile phones. Its growing popularity from several years is making the users more and more enthusiastic [3]. Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is a system which make work easy and more interactive, it is the solution provider and making task simple and easier. 1.5 Problem Context Any information is information if it is timely; else, it is of no use. It really becomes a thing to be concerned about when there is a communication gap in any institution. As we all know, today’s era is of Ubiquitous Computing; anytime anywhere. So the system could be used from anywhere and anytime. The present system which is being used by the college is a web based system. To us the system we need a computer or a laptop. So it restrict us as, it is very tough to find a computer with internet working on it, every time we need to use the system. At that particular moment of time the current system is of no use of we are not able to get an internet connected computer or laptop. Due to this limitation we are not able to remain connected with the institution (college). Even if we open it through the mobile browser it is extremely tough for us to navigate the website which is made for high resolution computer or laptop screen in the limited size display of a mobile. Apart from this we require many more functionality which is not present in the present working system. Suppose a notice comes for any student in his class. But he was not in the class. There is no option it the present system to inform such student automatically. We need to manually call or send SMS to inform him or tell the student’s friend to inform him. As a result many time the information even do not rich the concerned student at time. Hence lot of effort is required, lot of time is wasted and productivity decreases. Loot of work is done manually. So accuracy is also decreased. 1.6 Rationale The system is being made in order to provide solution to lots of problem faced by the college. It will improve the information process of the college. Let us take a real life example of our college. â€Å"The students were at home after completing their even semester. The college was reopening at the end of July. However the last date for depositing semester fee was near about 15th of July. Students were not aware about last date of fee deposition, as a result 90% of the student was fined for late fee submission.† Had the SCSMS been implemented this ambiguity could had been solved just by informing the entire student by sending a message two to three weeks before the last date. There are many tangible and intangible advantages which we can get from the proposed system. Tangible benefits: The first and the foremost advantage of the proposed system is that it reduces the communication gap between students, teachers and management. To fix a consultation we do not need to go to the teacher and roam here and there to searching teacher if teacher is not present in his/her office. This could be done just by pressing few buttons on the mobile. Important information could be delivered to the concerned people at time so that no ambiguity can arise. It will make the work smoother were work could be done just by pressing few buttons. So the system would reduce so much of stress from user head. It will make things lot simpler and reduce human effort. Anyone who wants to use the system can use it easily on his/her mobile, as the system is dedicatedly made for the mobile. As there will not be communication gap so productivity will automatically increase. Intangible benefits: It will provide security to the user. If we log on to the present used system (which is a web based application) through other’s computer or laptop, our account may get hacked as there may be spyware like password catcher installed in it. It will save wastage of money, as student does not need to move to cyber cafe to use the system. SCSMS will reduce the wastage of time in searching cyber cafà ©. It will increase the knowledge of the student. The discussion forum will help to increase the knowledge of the student. It will make the student comfortable in technical round of the placement process. The student can take test of technical round to practice through the proposed system. It will remove the biased process in any polling. As through the proposed system will do it automatically. 1.7 Objectives of System Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is an automated mobile application. The system communicates with the user and provides the complete information as the user in intended to view. It will reduce the communication gap between student and teachers and management. The application is being developed so that the user does not need to move to any new place to do the work. The main objectives of the system are: The proposed system will reduces communication gap between management, teachers and students. The various features such as news alert, messaging system, and m-consultation will reduce the communication gap. The application will provide ‘ease to express to mass of students’ with messaging service. So the information can easily wide spread to a bulk of student keeping them updated about what is going on in the college. Save time: The proposed system will enable student to fix consultation through their mobile. The student can also reserve book from their college library through the proposed system from anywhere around without going to the library there by reduces wastage of time. Increased productivity: As the proposed system will reduce the communication gap among management, teacher, student and keeps them updated so that everyone will be able to perform on the latest scenario, optimizing the productivity. Save wastage of money: As the present system, which is being used by the college is a web based system. So the students have to search a cyber cafà © each time they want to access some information. However the proposed system adds a solution to it, as it is a mobile application it can be accessed from any ware through our mobile. Reduces human effort: The proposed system will reduce human effort in many ways. The student will not have to go to the teacher to fix consultation. The student will not need to go to library to reserve a book. They can do this just by pressing few buttons of their mobile. Ends ambiguity: The proposed system has feature to communicate information to the masses. So the student will be updated with the latest news giving no place to ambiguity to arise. Increase Freedom: According to Bill Gates â€Å"Im a great believer that any tool that enhances communication has profound effects in terms of how people can learn from each other, and how they can achieve the kind of freedoms that theyre interested in†. The proposed system will reduce the restriction from the students and increase their freedom. Improve accuracy: The proposed system is an automatic system hence it will reduce the accuracy removing the silly mistakes made by human. 1.8 Functionality of System The functionality of the system is divided into three different categories: core functionality, enhanced functionality and special functionality. Core functionalities: Automatically fix consultation if the teacher and student both are ready and this time is not allocated to any other student: First of all the student requests for consultation to the specific teacher. The message is automatically send to the teacher with suggested time when teacher is not having any class or other meeting. However the teacher can change the time according to his/her wish. Now this time is set as consultation hour and message is sent to both teacher and student about it. View attendance summary: The student can see the attendance summery from anywhere anytime. View result of exams: As soon as the result is declared a message is forwarded to the student informing him about the result. Now the student can view the result if he/she wishes. Check library lone, fine: Student can check name of the book that he borrowed from library. He can also find if there is any fine on him. Class time table and Exam time table: whenever the class timetable will be changed the new timetable will be forwarded to the entire student. Student can also view exam timetable whenever declared. News alert: the student can get the latest news in their cell. Enhanced functionalities: Get attendance alert:- The student will get attendance alert whenever he will cross the boundary line of attendance such as 3, 6, 9. Reserve a book: the student will be able to reserve the library book right from his home sleeping in his bed. Download books: the student can download the e-book and read anywhere he wants. Quick Polling: It will be used to quick poll and find the eligible candidate for any post such as class representative. Discussion Forum: the students can discus over any topic in the discussion forum. Special functionalities: Student can have e- consultation via chatting: the student can have e-consultation by chatting to work out small problems. Aptitude and technical test: student can take test to maser themselves where they stand. It will contain mainly multiple choice questions. Download the application through Bluetooth: any intended student can download the proposed application by moving to a particular place and download the application to his mobile. Scope and deliverables: Identification of the scope of the project should be done before developing the system. This allows the developer to know the boundary of the system. So that all the issues related to success of the project can be cleared. It is a fact that no system can be perfect or with no limitation. SCSMS also has some boundaries which add a slate limitation to its scope. Detailed scope of the project has been mentioned below: Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is meant to solve large variety of problems faced. It will reduce the communication gap, reduces time wasting, and reduces human effort and increases performance and accuracy. However there is little limitation to it as well. Limitations of the scope: It will need GPRS facility to work. So by any reason the internet do not work the system will not work. It will run only in java supporting mobiles. Although most of the popular like Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Samsung, Motorola, Apple iPhone etc. are J2ME enabled but there are some exception like older versions of Blackberry. As the system works on client server architecture, so if the server goes down the entire system will clash. It will be used parallel with a website where functionality which requires lot of things to be displayed can be preformed such as marking system. Chapter 2 Problem Description â€Å"Our problems are man-made; therefore they may be solved by man. No problem of human destiny is beyond human beings†. John F. Kennedy 2.1 Problem Description Proposed Solution The primary aim of the proposed system is to reduce the communication gap between management, teachers and student and act as a communication channel between them. In the present scenario lot of work is done manually. It requires lot of human effort, time so the end result is not satisfactory. Suppose a student wants to fix a consultation with a teacher. He reaches to the office of the teacher but the teacher was not there. The student stood by the door for 10 min and then went back. After half n hour the student again came but the teacher was not in his office. The student get annoyed went back to his home. So at the end, complete one hour was just a west. There are many more problems faced by the system which is listed below. Most of the problems present in the current system raised because the current system in a website. Many problems are faced as the current system does not have solution to all the features. These problems can be solved through developing a mobile application an d increasing the functionality. Below is a list of problem along with the proposed solution: Problem: To fix a consultation student need to go to the teacher then and get a time and need to come back for consultation on the date and time as fixed by teacher. So lots of time consuming, manual work has to be done. Proposed Solution: Automatic consultation fixer has been proposed in the proposed system. In this module whenever a student will request teacher for consultation through his mobile, the request will be forwarded to the teacher. As soon as the teacher will approve the request a proposed time will be generated by going through the timetable of the student and teacher. The consultation will be fixed when teacher accept it. Problem: As the consultation is fixed manually so the time of consultation may collide with other students’ time. Proposed Solution: The time once allotted a student by Automatic consultation fixer will never be allotted to other student. So there is no chance that time gets collided. Problem: If student or teacher wants to cancel the consultation then there is no way to inform other. Proposed Solution: Automatic consultation fixer will have feature to cancel consultation. As soon as teacher or student cancels consultation, a message will be forwarded to other one. Problem: Some student are of shy and feel uncomfortable in asking problems with teacher, so they will not be able to consult teacher regarding any problem. Proposed Solution: Even the shy students can have consultation through the proposed system. There will be a feature for m-consultation where students can consult with teacher via chatting through mobile without paying any charge for SMS. Problem: If a student in not in college then he cannot reserve a book from a library. Proposed Solution: In the proposed system the application will have a feature of reserving a book form library from anywhere in this world through our mobile having GPRS connectivity. Problem: The student cannot use library resources when they are not college. Proposed Solution: In the proposed system the application will have a feature of downloading e-books form library through student’s mobile. Problem: If a student is out of the college then there is no way to remain connected with the college for latest news updates such news of visit of any company for placement. Proposed Solution: In the proposed system the application will have a feature of news alert where management or teacher can inform the latest news alert directly to the students mobile. Problem: There is no way to view the class or examination timetable right from the students’ home. Proposed Solution: Student can also view the class or examination timetable right from the students’ home through the proposed system. Problem: The present system does not have any criteria to conduct polling for any post. Polling is done manually so the final output can be biased. Proposed Solution: Polling has also been added to the system so the result produced by the pool is not biased and more and more student takes part in the poll. Problem: As now a day the demand of aptitude test is at climax but the present system fails to deliver any such facility. Proposed Solution: Keeping the demand of aptitude test and student’s need a module for aptitude test module has also been added. Chapter 3 Literature Review 3.1 Domain Research 3.1.1 Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System 3.1.2 Major components that should be present in smart consultation scheduler and mobile messaging system 3.2 Research on Similar System 3.3 Architecture of the System 3.1 Domain Research: 3.1.1 Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System In the today’s world scenario everyone wish to perform work and task at their fingertip. And mobile is the device which allows them to fulfill their wish more effectively and efficiently. Mobile is the most usable device now days because of lots of benefits attached to it. Mobile is helpful in various ways, it give all the information, news ,events etc and make people aware of things to do and things to remember. Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is a system which make work easy and more interactive, it is the solution provider and making task simple and easier. This system is based on the college management automation system. The application developed is an automated application suite of Institute or college administration including student information, employee information, library, fees managing, student information, subject, time table, student attendance, marks, discipline, performance etc. It permits the user to retrieve, manipulate and present student data in a meaningful and user friendly manner, generating reports dynamically. Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System totally work like college automation system but it off with latest technology and of wider use. This provides various facilities of college online. The main goal and aim of this system is to reduce communication gap between student, faculties and also management. The Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is an application to which you can use it from anywhere with your mobile. Through Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System we can fix consultation, get news and lattà ©s updates, reserve library books, check library lone, download e-book from library etc. Present systems is web based and this Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is mobile service which is more effective and fast and more beneficial. 3.1.2 Major components that should be present in smart consultation scheduler and mobile messaging system As mobile is the most usable device all over the world now. Everyone wants to access everything on their mobile. Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is such an application which can be used anywhere from their mobile. This system include following components: Attendance system for the students The student can see the attendance summery from anywhere anytime. Result of the students- As soon as the result is declared a message is forwarded to the student informing him about the result. Now the student can view the result if he wishes. Online Library Student can check name of the book that he borrowed from library. He can also find if there is any fine on him. Automating Consultation with the teacher (for students), head of the organization and among staff (for staffs)- Automatically fix consultation if the teacher and student both are ready and this time is not allocated to any other student .A student can also take consultation via mean of m chatting. Class time table and Exam time table. Whenever the class timetable will be changed the new timetable will be forwarded to the entire student. Student can also view exam timetable whenever declared. News alert- There will be facility of sending news to all the students and also to the faculties. Online Polling- There is another feature of online polling, where student can poll about any event. Aptitude Test- Student can give aptitude test from their mobile and can improve their problem solving skill. 3.2 Research on Similar System Research is a method or practice which direct toward the increase of knowledge, the major goal of research is to gain vast knowledge with the better understanding of the project under study.Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is also a solution to make our life further one step simpler. It will be mainly for an educational institute such as colleges. The main aim of the system is to reduce the communication gap between student, faculty and management. The similar kind of system in today’s scenario are limiting and lacking in various features. Therefore to make â€Å"Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System† more efficient it is necessary to compare it with existing system. Take an example of Webspace of APIIT SD INDIA. In this Webspace there are many functionalities still it lacking behind the â€Å"Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System†. In the current Webspace there is no option to take consultation hour with faculty online. And there is not a feature of aptitude test online polling. The present system does not have any criteria to conduct polling for any post and as now a day the demand of aptitude test is at climax but the present system fails to deliver any such facility. Or also not any feature of class and exam time schedule. In this way this similar system is far behind in functionalities as compared to the proposed system. And on the basis of above mentioned research it has been conclude that propose system have much better functionality and features than existing system. Conclusion on the basisof research which has been carried out above it has been clear that â€Å"Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System† is more effective, more functional and efficient as compared to the existing system. This system will make various tasks of college easier and will make them more interactive. It will save time get waste in taking consultation hour through mobile and it will give news about any event or about anything immediately. This system will be helpful and quite handful for the student and faculties. 3.3 Architecture of the System Architecture of the â€Å"Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System† system is 3-Tier Client/Server Architecture. 3-tier application is organized into three major disjunctive tiers on layers. Client Tier (made in J2ME) Application Tier (made in J2EE) Database Tier (MySQL) Benefits of using 3-Tier architecture are mentioned below: Main benefit of 3-Tier architecture is that any other tier can be replaced without affecting the other tiers. For example if the developer finds any bug in calculating fine, only J2EE application page to calculate fine need to be changed without changing J2ME client application. Improved security as it is implemented at multiple levels. If we uses direct communication between the database and the mobile application. Database name, password can be extracted and then the hacker can do anything even can delete the database. Only valid data is allowed to be updated in the database and the risk of a scoundrel client application corrupting data is removed. As the database will be at the server and only authorized person will have the username and password to access it. Improved data integrity. As the database will be at the server so every user will use same database. Hence data integrity will be improved. It has improved scalability because the application servers can be deploying on many machines [5]. Even the number of user will be increased the web application can be deployed on multiple server to support this large chunk of users. Chapter 4 Research Methods â€Å"Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought† Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Overview: 4.1 Primary Research 4.2 Secondary Research 4.3 Academic Research 4.4 Technical Research 4.4.1 Programming Environment Research 4.4.2 Database Research 4.5 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 4.1 Primary Research Primary research involves gettingoriginal datadirectly from the user about the product or market [4]. It is the initial research that is done during the development of a system. The primary objective of the primary research is to gather preliminary information which could support the designing of the application. So it is fundamental step, in order to continue with development of the application. Along with this, primary research is also used to gather user requirements on the system being developed and to estimate the feasibility of the proposed system. Primary research is done with the direct involvement of the targeted reader. There are many techniques to carry out primary research such as Questionnaires, Interview, Brain Storming, Onsite observation, Pilot study, Focus Group etc. However the developer have used questionnaire to perform primary research. Questionnaires It is a method of gathering information from a group of individuals using identical procedures for each person. Questionnaireis a data collection tool in which written questions are presented that are to be answered by the respondents in written form. The questionnaires are to be distributed to the student of a college who are using similar type of system. These students can suggest the good feature present in the system and the limitation in the present system which they are using. Justification: The target readers are already using simpler type of system having few of the functionality as the proposed system have. So users are aware about it up to some extent and they know what they want and what they do not. The proposed system is made for large group of user. Questionnaire makes the work easy as it can be conducted on a group of individuals using identical procedure. There are three types of questionnaire depending on type of user; Students, Teachers and administrator. Sample Questioner Dear Respondent: The developer is a Final Year Degree student from Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology who is currently doing a Final Year Project which entitled Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System. The main purpose of the system is to reduce the communication gap between management and teacher and student by reaching to their cell phones. The system will help the student and teacher to fix consultation automatically by suggesting a time when both of them are free through checking the timetable of student and teacher. With the help of this mobile application the student can reserve a book from library or check for fine, issued book on his account. Management can send the latest news or information about any meeting directly to the student’s cell. The student can check attendance summery, result, examination and class timetable through this system. Student can go for an aptitude or similar test having multiple options to verify their level. However these featur es can be moderated depending on your response. So your response is highly important for me. As you are part of such institution and familiar with such system so you can help us in defining the structure or functionality of the system. These questionnaires will not take more than 5 minutes of your time. It is having objective type question where you need to check one or more option or write one/few words depending on the question. The questionnaire does not contain any such emotional or personal question. However the information provided by you will not be disclosed to anyone. Even if the developer needs to be share, it will not be done without your permission. Thank you a lot for participating. Please proceed further to the questionnaire section. PERSONAL INFORMATION Name _____________________________________________________ E-Mail _____________________________________________________ Questionnaires (for student) 1. Have you come across Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System (SCSMS) or similar application? [ ] Yes [ ] No If yes plea Mobile Messaging System Development for Higher Education Mobile Messaging System Development for Higher Education Overview Mobiles are one of the most versatile electronics in the present scenario. It constantly keeps us connected with our near ones even when we are travelling out of our city or to another country. It reduces our tension and gives us feel as we are in home. The biggest advantage of mobile phones is they keep you connected. The developer tries to use this advantage in educational institution such as a college to bring down the interaction gap between management, teachers and students. 1.1 Topic: Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System 1.2 Purpose of the situation Everyone in this world wants to do the work at their fingertips. Mobile is best suitable solution to the problem. It minimizes our burdens (example reminder helps us from remembering all the birthdays, meeting etc). It also gives easier access to the internet anytime, anywhere. There is no doughty that our mobile has made our life a lot convenient. One can interact with anyone, anytime from anywhere through mobile. However there are limitations to it. What if a student wants to consult with a teacher for clearing dough about any topic when he is out for an interview? Generally teachers do not give their cell number to all students. What if a student wants to reserve a book from his college library when he is in the way to college? There may be a situation when college wants to inform all students about urgent information, but some of the student might not be present in the college. Suppose a student is in railway station and wants to confirm about the examination timetable for reserv ing railway seat to his home in the vacations. How can he confirm that? Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System (SCSMS) is a solution to make our life further one more step simpler and increase the services provided by the mobile to the next level. It is being developed mainly for an educational institute such as colleges. The main aim of the system is to reduce the communication gape between student, faculty and management. The Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is a mobile application which can be used from anywhere. Through Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System we can fix consultation, get news and lattà ©s updates, reserve library books, check library lone, download e-book from library etc. The student will be able to do lots of thing which they could not do if they were not in college so the application will increase the freedom of the student. 1.3 Target Reader As the application will be for educational institution like colleges the targeted reader will be:- Students: Students will be the most targeted user as they will be the most frequent user. The system is being designed keeping this thing in mind. Most of the features of the application revolve around the student. Teachers: Teachers will be seconde most frequent user. They will use the system mainly to assist the students. They will also use the system to deliver important information and news to the student. Management: The complete system will be maintained by the management. They will be the system administrator. It will be the job of management to create, delete and manage accounts. Moreover management can also send news to the students. 1.4 Topic Background In today’s scenario the whole world is sifting to the mobile application. It is known third wave in computer evolution series. With over 3 billion mobile users today, mobile devices have become the most ubiquitous communications medium in the hands of the consumers [2]. Mobile application developmentis quite an active arena today, much due to the popularity and increasing demand of mobile phones. Its growing popularity from several years is making the users more and more enthusiastic [3]. Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is a system which make work easy and more interactive, it is the solution provider and making task simple and easier. 1.5 Problem Context Any information is information if it is timely; else, it is of no use. It really becomes a thing to be concerned about when there is a communication gap in any institution. As we all know, today’s era is of Ubiquitous Computing; anytime anywhere. So the system could be used from anywhere and anytime. The present system which is being used by the college is a web based system. To us the system we need a computer or a laptop. So it restrict us as, it is very tough to find a computer with internet working on it, every time we need to use the system. At that particular moment of time the current system is of no use of we are not able to get an internet connected computer or laptop. Due to this limitation we are not able to remain connected with the institution (college). Even if we open it through the mobile browser it is extremely tough for us to navigate the website which is made for high resolution computer or laptop screen in the limited size display of a mobile. Apart from this we require many more functionality which is not present in the present working system. Suppose a notice comes for any student in his class. But he was not in the class. There is no option it the present system to inform such student automatically. We need to manually call or send SMS to inform him or tell the student’s friend to inform him. As a result many time the information even do not rich the concerned student at time. Hence lot of effort is required, lot of time is wasted and productivity decreases. Loot of work is done manually. So accuracy is also decreased. 1.6 Rationale The system is being made in order to provide solution to lots of problem faced by the college. It will improve the information process of the college. Let us take a real life example of our college. â€Å"The students were at home after completing their even semester. The college was reopening at the end of July. However the last date for depositing semester fee was near about 15th of July. Students were not aware about last date of fee deposition, as a result 90% of the student was fined for late fee submission.† Had the SCSMS been implemented this ambiguity could had been solved just by informing the entire student by sending a message two to three weeks before the last date. There are many tangible and intangible advantages which we can get from the proposed system. Tangible benefits: The first and the foremost advantage of the proposed system is that it reduces the communication gap between students, teachers and management. To fix a consultation we do not need to go to the teacher and roam here and there to searching teacher if teacher is not present in his/her office. This could be done just by pressing few buttons on the mobile. Important information could be delivered to the concerned people at time so that no ambiguity can arise. It will make the work smoother were work could be done just by pressing few buttons. So the system would reduce so much of stress from user head. It will make things lot simpler and reduce human effort. Anyone who wants to use the system can use it easily on his/her mobile, as the system is dedicatedly made for the mobile. As there will not be communication gap so productivity will automatically increase. Intangible benefits: It will provide security to the user. If we log on to the present used system (which is a web based application) through other’s computer or laptop, our account may get hacked as there may be spyware like password catcher installed in it. It will save wastage of money, as student does not need to move to cyber cafe to use the system. SCSMS will reduce the wastage of time in searching cyber cafà ©. It will increase the knowledge of the student. The discussion forum will help to increase the knowledge of the student. It will make the student comfortable in technical round of the placement process. The student can take test of technical round to practice through the proposed system. It will remove the biased process in any polling. As through the proposed system will do it automatically. 1.7 Objectives of System Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is an automated mobile application. The system communicates with the user and provides the complete information as the user in intended to view. It will reduce the communication gap between student and teachers and management. The application is being developed so that the user does not need to move to any new place to do the work. The main objectives of the system are: The proposed system will reduces communication gap between management, teachers and students. The various features such as news alert, messaging system, and m-consultation will reduce the communication gap. The application will provide ‘ease to express to mass of students’ with messaging service. So the information can easily wide spread to a bulk of student keeping them updated about what is going on in the college. Save time: The proposed system will enable student to fix consultation through their mobile. The student can also reserve book from their college library through the proposed system from anywhere around without going to the library there by reduces wastage of time. Increased productivity: As the proposed system will reduce the communication gap among management, teacher, student and keeps them updated so that everyone will be able to perform on the latest scenario, optimizing the productivity. Save wastage of money: As the present system, which is being used by the college is a web based system. So the students have to search a cyber cafà © each time they want to access some information. However the proposed system adds a solution to it, as it is a mobile application it can be accessed from any ware through our mobile. Reduces human effort: The proposed system will reduce human effort in many ways. The student will not have to go to the teacher to fix consultation. The student will not need to go to library to reserve a book. They can do this just by pressing few buttons of their mobile. Ends ambiguity: The proposed system has feature to communicate information to the masses. So the student will be updated with the latest news giving no place to ambiguity to arise. Increase Freedom: According to Bill Gates â€Å"Im a great believer that any tool that enhances communication has profound effects in terms of how people can learn from each other, and how they can achieve the kind of freedoms that theyre interested in†. The proposed system will reduce the restriction from the students and increase their freedom. Improve accuracy: The proposed system is an automatic system hence it will reduce the accuracy removing the silly mistakes made by human. 1.8 Functionality of System The functionality of the system is divided into three different categories: core functionality, enhanced functionality and special functionality. Core functionalities: Automatically fix consultation if the teacher and student both are ready and this time is not allocated to any other student: First of all the student requests for consultation to the specific teacher. The message is automatically send to the teacher with suggested time when teacher is not having any class or other meeting. However the teacher can change the time according to his/her wish. Now this time is set as consultation hour and message is sent to both teacher and student about it. View attendance summary: The student can see the attendance summery from anywhere anytime. View result of exams: As soon as the result is declared a message is forwarded to the student informing him about the result. Now the student can view the result if he/she wishes. Check library lone, fine: Student can check name of the book that he borrowed from library. He can also find if there is any fine on him. Class time table and Exam time table: whenever the class timetable will be changed the new timetable will be forwarded to the entire student. Student can also view exam timetable whenever declared. News alert: the student can get the latest news in their cell. Enhanced functionalities: Get attendance alert:- The student will get attendance alert whenever he will cross the boundary line of attendance such as 3, 6, 9. Reserve a book: the student will be able to reserve the library book right from his home sleeping in his bed. Download books: the student can download the e-book and read anywhere he wants. Quick Polling: It will be used to quick poll and find the eligible candidate for any post such as class representative. Discussion Forum: the students can discus over any topic in the discussion forum. Special functionalities: Student can have e- consultation via chatting: the student can have e-consultation by chatting to work out small problems. Aptitude and technical test: student can take test to maser themselves where they stand. It will contain mainly multiple choice questions. Download the application through Bluetooth: any intended student can download the proposed application by moving to a particular place and download the application to his mobile. Scope and deliverables: Identification of the scope of the project should be done before developing the system. This allows the developer to know the boundary of the system. So that all the issues related to success of the project can be cleared. It is a fact that no system can be perfect or with no limitation. SCSMS also has some boundaries which add a slate limitation to its scope. Detailed scope of the project has been mentioned below: Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is meant to solve large variety of problems faced. It will reduce the communication gap, reduces time wasting, and reduces human effort and increases performance and accuracy. However there is little limitation to it as well. Limitations of the scope: It will need GPRS facility to work. So by any reason the internet do not work the system will not work. It will run only in java supporting mobiles. Although most of the popular like Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Samsung, Motorola, Apple iPhone etc. are J2ME enabled but there are some exception like older versions of Blackberry. As the system works on client server architecture, so if the server goes down the entire system will clash. It will be used parallel with a website where functionality which requires lot of things to be displayed can be preformed such as marking system. Chapter 2 Problem Description â€Å"Our problems are man-made; therefore they may be solved by man. No problem of human destiny is beyond human beings†. John F. Kennedy 2.1 Problem Description Proposed Solution The primary aim of the proposed system is to reduce the communication gap between management, teachers and student and act as a communication channel between them. In the present scenario lot of work is done manually. It requires lot of human effort, time so the end result is not satisfactory. Suppose a student wants to fix a consultation with a teacher. He reaches to the office of the teacher but the teacher was not there. The student stood by the door for 10 min and then went back. After half n hour the student again came but the teacher was not in his office. The student get annoyed went back to his home. So at the end, complete one hour was just a west. There are many more problems faced by the system which is listed below. Most of the problems present in the current system raised because the current system in a website. Many problems are faced as the current system does not have solution to all the features. These problems can be solved through developing a mobile application an d increasing the functionality. Below is a list of problem along with the proposed solution: Problem: To fix a consultation student need to go to the teacher then and get a time and need to come back for consultation on the date and time as fixed by teacher. So lots of time consuming, manual work has to be done. Proposed Solution: Automatic consultation fixer has been proposed in the proposed system. In this module whenever a student will request teacher for consultation through his mobile, the request will be forwarded to the teacher. As soon as the teacher will approve the request a proposed time will be generated by going through the timetable of the student and teacher. The consultation will be fixed when teacher accept it. Problem: As the consultation is fixed manually so the time of consultation may collide with other students’ time. Proposed Solution: The time once allotted a student by Automatic consultation fixer will never be allotted to other student. So there is no chance that time gets collided. Problem: If student or teacher wants to cancel the consultation then there is no way to inform other. Proposed Solution: Automatic consultation fixer will have feature to cancel consultation. As soon as teacher or student cancels consultation, a message will be forwarded to other one. Problem: Some student are of shy and feel uncomfortable in asking problems with teacher, so they will not be able to consult teacher regarding any problem. Proposed Solution: Even the shy students can have consultation through the proposed system. There will be a feature for m-consultation where students can consult with teacher via chatting through mobile without paying any charge for SMS. Problem: If a student in not in college then he cannot reserve a book from a library. Proposed Solution: In the proposed system the application will have a feature of reserving a book form library from anywhere in this world through our mobile having GPRS connectivity. Problem: The student cannot use library resources when they are not college. Proposed Solution: In the proposed system the application will have a feature of downloading e-books form library through student’s mobile. Problem: If a student is out of the college then there is no way to remain connected with the college for latest news updates such news of visit of any company for placement. Proposed Solution: In the proposed system the application will have a feature of news alert where management or teacher can inform the latest news alert directly to the students mobile. Problem: There is no way to view the class or examination timetable right from the students’ home. Proposed Solution: Student can also view the class or examination timetable right from the students’ home through the proposed system. Problem: The present system does not have any criteria to conduct polling for any post. Polling is done manually so the final output can be biased. Proposed Solution: Polling has also been added to the system so the result produced by the pool is not biased and more and more student takes part in the poll. Problem: As now a day the demand of aptitude test is at climax but the present system fails to deliver any such facility. Proposed Solution: Keeping the demand of aptitude test and student’s need a module for aptitude test module has also been added. Chapter 3 Literature Review 3.1 Domain Research 3.1.1 Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System 3.1.2 Major components that should be present in smart consultation scheduler and mobile messaging system 3.2 Research on Similar System 3.3 Architecture of the System 3.1 Domain Research: 3.1.1 Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System In the today’s world scenario everyone wish to perform work and task at their fingertip. And mobile is the device which allows them to fulfill their wish more effectively and efficiently. Mobile is the most usable device now days because of lots of benefits attached to it. Mobile is helpful in various ways, it give all the information, news ,events etc and make people aware of things to do and things to remember. Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is a system which make work easy and more interactive, it is the solution provider and making task simple and easier. This system is based on the college management automation system. The application developed is an automated application suite of Institute or college administration including student information, employee information, library, fees managing, student information, subject, time table, student attendance, marks, discipline, performance etc. It permits the user to retrieve, manipulate and present student data in a meaningful and user friendly manner, generating reports dynamically. Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System totally work like college automation system but it off with latest technology and of wider use. This provides various facilities of college online. The main goal and aim of this system is to reduce communication gap between student, faculties and also management. The Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is an application to which you can use it from anywhere with your mobile. Through Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System we can fix consultation, get news and lattà ©s updates, reserve library books, check library lone, download e-book from library etc. Present systems is web based and this Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is mobile service which is more effective and fast and more beneficial. 3.1.2 Major components that should be present in smart consultation scheduler and mobile messaging system As mobile is the most usable device all over the world now. Everyone wants to access everything on their mobile. Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is such an application which can be used anywhere from their mobile. This system include following components: Attendance system for the students The student can see the attendance summery from anywhere anytime. Result of the students- As soon as the result is declared a message is forwarded to the student informing him about the result. Now the student can view the result if he wishes. Online Library Student can check name of the book that he borrowed from library. He can also find if there is any fine on him. Automating Consultation with the teacher (for students), head of the organization and among staff (for staffs)- Automatically fix consultation if the teacher and student both are ready and this time is not allocated to any other student .A student can also take consultation via mean of m chatting. Class time table and Exam time table. Whenever the class timetable will be changed the new timetable will be forwarded to the entire student. Student can also view exam timetable whenever declared. News alert- There will be facility of sending news to all the students and also to the faculties. Online Polling- There is another feature of online polling, where student can poll about any event. Aptitude Test- Student can give aptitude test from their mobile and can improve their problem solving skill. 3.2 Research on Similar System Research is a method or practice which direct toward the increase of knowledge, the major goal of research is to gain vast knowledge with the better understanding of the project under study.Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System is also a solution to make our life further one step simpler. It will be mainly for an educational institute such as colleges. The main aim of the system is to reduce the communication gap between student, faculty and management. The similar kind of system in today’s scenario are limiting and lacking in various features. Therefore to make â€Å"Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System† more efficient it is necessary to compare it with existing system. Take an example of Webspace of APIIT SD INDIA. In this Webspace there are many functionalities still it lacking behind the â€Å"Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System†. In the current Webspace there is no option to take consultation hour with faculty online. And there is not a feature of aptitude test online polling. The present system does not have any criteria to conduct polling for any post and as now a day the demand of aptitude test is at climax but the present system fails to deliver any such facility. Or also not any feature of class and exam time schedule. In this way this similar system is far behind in functionalities as compared to the proposed system. And on the basis of above mentioned research it has been conclude that propose system have much better functionality and features than existing system. Conclusion on the basisof research which has been carried out above it has been clear that â€Å"Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System† is more effective, more functional and efficient as compared to the existing system. This system will make various tasks of college easier and will make them more interactive. It will save time get waste in taking consultation hour through mobile and it will give news about any event or about anything immediately. This system will be helpful and quite handful for the student and faculties. 3.3 Architecture of the System Architecture of the â€Å"Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System† system is 3-Tier Client/Server Architecture. 3-tier application is organized into three major disjunctive tiers on layers. Client Tier (made in J2ME) Application Tier (made in J2EE) Database Tier (MySQL) Benefits of using 3-Tier architecture are mentioned below: Main benefit of 3-Tier architecture is that any other tier can be replaced without affecting the other tiers. For example if the developer finds any bug in calculating fine, only J2EE application page to calculate fine need to be changed without changing J2ME client application. Improved security as it is implemented at multiple levels. If we uses direct communication between the database and the mobile application. Database name, password can be extracted and then the hacker can do anything even can delete the database. Only valid data is allowed to be updated in the database and the risk of a scoundrel client application corrupting data is removed. As the database will be at the server and only authorized person will have the username and password to access it. Improved data integrity. As the database will be at the server so every user will use same database. Hence data integrity will be improved. It has improved scalability because the application servers can be deploying on many machines [5]. Even the number of user will be increased the web application can be deployed on multiple server to support this large chunk of users. Chapter 4 Research Methods â€Å"Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought† Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Overview: 4.1 Primary Research 4.2 Secondary Research 4.3 Academic Research 4.4 Technical Research 4.4.1 Programming Environment Research 4.4.2 Database Research 4.5 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 4.1 Primary Research Primary research involves gettingoriginal datadirectly from the user about the product or market [4]. It is the initial research that is done during the development of a system. The primary objective of the primary research is to gather preliminary information which could support the designing of the application. So it is fundamental step, in order to continue with development of the application. Along with this, primary research is also used to gather user requirements on the system being developed and to estimate the feasibility of the proposed system. Primary research is done with the direct involvement of the targeted reader. There are many techniques to carry out primary research such as Questionnaires, Interview, Brain Storming, Onsite observation, Pilot study, Focus Group etc. However the developer have used questionnaire to perform primary research. Questionnaires It is a method of gathering information from a group of individuals using identical procedures for each person. Questionnaireis a data collection tool in which written questions are presented that are to be answered by the respondents in written form. The questionnaires are to be distributed to the student of a college who are using similar type of system. These students can suggest the good feature present in the system and the limitation in the present system which they are using. Justification: The target readers are already using simpler type of system having few of the functionality as the proposed system have. So users are aware about it up to some extent and they know what they want and what they do not. The proposed system is made for large group of user. Questionnaire makes the work easy as it can be conducted on a group of individuals using identical procedure. There are three types of questionnaire depending on type of user; Students, Teachers and administrator. Sample Questioner Dear Respondent: The developer is a Final Year Degree student from Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology who is currently doing a Final Year Project which entitled Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System. The main purpose of the system is to reduce the communication gap between management and teacher and student by reaching to their cell phones. The system will help the student and teacher to fix consultation automatically by suggesting a time when both of them are free through checking the timetable of student and teacher. With the help of this mobile application the student can reserve a book from library or check for fine, issued book on his account. Management can send the latest news or information about any meeting directly to the student’s cell. The student can check attendance summery, result, examination and class timetable through this system. Student can go for an aptitude or similar test having multiple options to verify their level. However these featur es can be moderated depending on your response. So your response is highly important for me. As you are part of such institution and familiar with such system so you can help us in defining the structure or functionality of the system. These questionnaires will not take more than 5 minutes of your time. It is having objective type question where you need to check one or more option or write one/few words depending on the question. The questionnaire does not contain any such emotional or personal question. However the information provided by you will not be disclosed to anyone. Even if the developer needs to be share, it will not be done without your permission. Thank you a lot for participating. Please proceed further to the questionnaire section. PERSONAL INFORMATION Name _____________________________________________________ E-Mail _____________________________________________________ Questionnaires (for student) 1. Have you come across Smart Consultation Scheduler and Mobile Messaging System (SCSMS) or similar application? [ ] Yes [ ] No If yes plea

Gender Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essays

Gender Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Charlotte Perkins Gilman's short story "The Yellow Wallpaper," the reader is treated to an intimate portrait of developing insanity. At the same time, the story's first person narrator provides insight into the social attitudes of the story's late Victorian time period. The story sets up a sense of gradually increasing distrust between the narrator and her husband, John, a doctor, which suggests that gender roles were strictly defined; however, as the story is just one representation of the time period, the examination of other sources is necessary to better understand the nature of American attitudes in the late 1800s. Specifically, this essay will analyze the representation of women's roles in "The Yellow Wallpaper" alongside two other texts produced during this time period, in the effort to discover whether Gilman's depiction of women accurately reflects the society that produced it.    "The Yellow Wallpaper" features an unnamed female narrator who serves to exemplify the expectations placed upon women of the time period. As we are told early on, she is suffering from a "nervous condition" (Gilman 1). While we are not told the specific nature of this condition, we do discover that the cure prescribed by John, the narrator's husband and doctor, entails taking "phosphates or phosphites--whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise" while intellectual "work" is "absolutely forbidden Ãâ€" until [she is] well again"   (Gilman 1). This poses a particular problem for the narrator, due to her desire to write, which she continues to do "in spite of them," and causes her to hide her writing to avoid facing "heavy opposition" (Gilman 1). The treatment to which t... ...Mitchell, seems all the more plausible. After all, her socially-defined role as the dutiful wife and mother was being constrained by her inability to withstand the treatment foisted upon her by a man trained to disregard his patients' feelings. As a woman, she had no socially sanctioned way to respond to the problems she faced. Rather than wonder, as John does throughout the story, why his wife is becoming increasingly deranged, readers of this story should only wonder why, given the mores of the time period, there weren't far more stories like it.    Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." English 101 Homepage. August 1999 . Mitchell, S. Weir. The Evolution of the Rest Treatment. English 101 Course Packet. Chico: Mr Kopy, 1999. Power, Susan. The Ugly-Girl Papers. English 101 Course Packet. Chico: Mr Kopy, 1999.      

Molecular Archaeology

Different methods have been used and are being used in the analysis of archaeological data. Among others, different archaeometric fields such as paleoecology (paleozoology, paleobotany and pllenanalysis), dating methods (radiocarbon-dating and dendrochronology) and analytical chemistry had been used for the evaluation of the quantity and quality of different archaeological substances (Kiesslich, n.d.). Given the nature of archaeology, evaluated data are analyzed on the point of view of history. The recent discoveries in science particularly in genetics and molecular biology have given rise to another method of scientific analysis of archaeological data. The new developments allow easier investigation of ancient remains not only through paleoecology, dating and chemical methods but on a molecular level. This new branch of archaeological analysis is what is now known as Molecular Archaeology. Christianson (2007) of the Minnesota State University gives a more perspicuous description of the field. According to him, Molecular Archaeology is an â€Å"†¦emergent field in archaeology that has been brought about by the advancements of the recognition and understanding of DNA, focusing on the acquisition of either DNA or mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) and being able to determine species of natural archaeological finds as well as determine blood lines and/or sex of animal or human remains.† It is this use of the DNA in the analysis of archaeological data that differentiates Molecular Archaeology from the other methods of archaeological analysis. It is the biological function of this DNA that makes molecular archaeology an irreplaceable field in analytical archaeology. This DNA contains genetic information which, once known, could provide special information about the individual properties of the probe (Christianson, 2007). These individual properties include one's species, population, and gender. Also, Through the use of DNA residues, accuracy in reconstructing subsistence and related cultural activities is more probably. As a result, we gain more knowledge and understanding of the lives of our ancestors and the environment they lived in as well as of the other creatures that coexisted with them (Christianson, 2007). There was a time when molecular archaeology seemed to be inconceivable. This was when scientists believed that DNA-preservation was impossible in biological remains. Previous studies have shown that it only took days or even hours for degradation to occur after the death of an individual. With degradation, of course, is the loss of significant genetic information (Keisslich, n.d.). It is one study in the early eighties defied this scientists' limiting belief on the relationship between degradation and DNA-preservation and paved the way for molecular archaeology and the use of DNA in the analysis of archaeological data. â€Å"This is the successful detection of intact genetic information in a 4000-year-old Egyptian mummy† (Kiesslich, n.d.) Furthermore, the invention of analytical methods in molecular biology boosted the field of molecular archaeology. â€Å"In 1988, Mullis and Saiki published a study on Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase†. Practically, they invented the PCR or the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique which made possible the detection and characterization of even minimal traces of DNA. In theory, the presence of even a single intact molecule of DNA can give a positive result (Kiesslich, n.d.) †The impact of molecular archaeology particularly its use of DNA in evaluating data has been proven to be a great leap in archaeological research†. Because DNA is a huge aspect of molecular archaeology, it is necessary even for the general studies of this subject to include information on the nature of the DNA. DNA is a helically-twisted macromolecule consisting of a sugar-phosphate backbone. â€Å"Each sugar in the DNA's sugar-phosphate backbone is bound to one side-chain which may be different for each unit†. It is this side-chain that represents a single basic unit of DNA or DNA-base. It is the connection between a few to several billions of base-pairs connected by one polymer unit that produces a double helix, particular to the DNA. (Kiesslich, n.d.) The function of the DNA is mainly the maintenance and passing of genetic information from parent to progeny. This genetic information is encoded in 4 different letters (A, C, G, T) which represent the bases or the basic units. Three of the letters together correspond to the next superior information unit (Kiesslich, n.d.) The DNA not only functions for the maintenance and passing of genetic information but also for the control of the biological functions of each cell. For living organisms, it is located in the nucleus of the cells and in small cellular compartments called mitochondria. This mitochondria are considered as the powerhouses of the cell because it provide for the energy needed for cellular processes. Like nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has their own chromosomes. â€Å"In general, a cell contains only two copies of nuclear DNA and as much as a thousand copies of mitochondrial DNA â€Å"(Kiesslich, n.d.). What is crucial to the nature of the DNA is the sequence of its 4 discriminable bases or the base-sequence. It is this base-sequence that represents the genetic information passed on from parent to progeny and controls the cellular chemical reactions. It is this sequence that is the targeted information in the analysis of archaeological facts and this sequence can only be determined through the application of methods in molecular biology (Kiesslich, n.d.). Information given by an individual's DNA is not limited to the individual but also to pathogens which include microorganisms and bacteria, as well as biological materials and the diet of a settlement (Kiesslich, n.d.). DNA of microorganisms and bacteria can be determined through paleopathology and paleoepidemiology. DNA of biological material can be determined through paleoecology, paleobotany and paleozoology. An extracted intact DNA would give the whole genetic information of an individual. This genetic information can be accessed using different sequence-specific DNA probes which also provide information required for archaeological analysis (Kiesslich, n.d.) There is a difference between the extraction of DNA from the nucleus and DNA from the mitochondria. Note that DNA from the nucleus persists only as two copies for every cell while mitochondrial DNA persists at an average of a few thousand copies per cell. â€Å"Nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA require a minimum state of preservation to obtain the specific sequence information†. The greater quantity of mitochondrial DNA allows it to be more readily accessible compared to nuclear DNA. It is also more resistant to degradation processes after death as well as diaganetic influences compared to nuclear DNA (Kiesslich, n.d.). The two types of DNA are different in the types of information that can be obtained. In nuclear DNA, information about an individual's genetic constitution can be obtained. This includes the individual's species, gender, fingerprint and kinship with other individuals. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial DNA provides information that allows the assessment of maternal lineage within a community. This is because mitochondrial DNA is exclusively maternally hereditary. The mitorchondrial DNA's comparatively slow mutational rate also allows greater evaluation of genetic context for individuals. In effect, individuals can be classified through middle and long-range temporal classification (Kiesslich, n.d.). Using information on the X and Y chromosomes, gender can be determined easily using molecular biological methods (Faerman and Filon, 2005). As it is known, gender is one of the most significant features of an individual and is likewise significant in archaeological analysis. Among other parts, gender can be and is usually determined using the teeth and the bones (Kiesslich, n.d.). Sex-specific genes are located in the X and Y chromosomes. Still, the determination of gender is not limited to molecular biological means. The determination of the gender of an individual remains can be done through conventional methods including morphometry. This happens when convenience is not the issue but the quality of the sample itself when it is too damaged or when the remains that are analyzed belonged to an infant. As a rule, a few grams of bone or tooth is enough for DNA-analysis (Kiesslich, n.d.). †Gender determination through DNA-analysis can be exemplified by the study done in South Israel, at a bath house at a burial site of Roman Askalon†. It must be noted that in Ancient Askalon infanticide was a widespread phenomenon (The Advent of Molecular Archaeology, 2005). †Behind the bath house, archaeologists found more than 100 skeletal remains of infants which at first were thought as the remains of unwanted girls†. The epigraph stating â€Å"Enter, Enjoy and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the several lamps with erotic motifs gave rise to a theory which was confirmed using DNA-analysis. Through gender determination by DNA-analysis, it was found out that the skeletal remains that were found did not only belong to unwanted girls but also to unwanted boys. The bath house was confirmed to be a brothel and the skeletal remains were the infants of the women who used to work at the place (Kiesslich, n.d.). Meanwhile, the issue on whether or not tuberculosis was brought to Peru by Columbus and his successors was clarified using DNA analysis. â€Å"One study reported that the DNA of tuberculosis pathogens already existed even among 600-900-year-old Peruvian mummies† (Kiesslich, n.d.). Nuclear DNA-analysis is also used in the identification of remains. In history, the remains of Josef Mengele in Brazil as well as the identification of the remains of the Romanov family in Jekatrinenburg after the Bolshevik Revolution were identified using DNA-fingerprinting (Kiesslich, n.d.). The analysis of organic residues in some jars found in Egyptian Amphorae allowed the discovery of what commodities were transported to Egypt during the Late Bronze Age and the links between the sources of the jars, the commodities and the way of transport of substances in the Mediterranean world (Stern, 2001). Mitochondrial DNA analysis was used in the investigation of the Tyrolean Ice-man (The Advent of Molecular Archaeology, 2005). The findings of the investigation revealed a high DNA-sequence homology to today's population in the Northern alps (Kiesslich, n.d.) and showed a great fit to the Northern European context. In this case, clothes and tools associated with the findings were also investigated aside from the individual body, giving an idea on vegetation during the era (Kiesslich, n.d.). DNA-analysis also covers topics historical and anthropological topics particularly population-genetics. Population-genetics include the tracing of migrations and distributions of populations. For example, kinship analysis was done with some individuals in Forida (Kiesslich, n.d.). DNA-analysis can also be used to trace genealogical origins and also in the determination of possible threats of diseases from ancestors. Source materials for DNA-analysis are not limited to bones and teeth. As a matter of fact, anything that could possibly contain DNA, even if not part of the individual's body can be a source material. â€Å"Source materials can range from biological remains such as skeletons, bodies, bones, hair, teeth, forensic and medical preparations, museum specimens, fossils and objects that an individual has come in contact with† (Kiesslich, n.d.). It must be remembered that DNA-analysis is a procedure which involves the destruction of the specimen. This implies that once a specimen has been used for analysis, it cannot be reused. On the other hand, even small amounts of materials, say, a piece of hair or a gram of bone is enough for any DNA-analysis as long as the specimen is of quality, depending on the source's chemical, physical, geological, ecological and biological history (Kiesslich, n.d.). †A DNA can be expected to be intact and well-preserved if it has been maintained at low-temperatures such as the case of the Tyrolean Ice-man, or if it has been maintained in arid places†. As a rule, DNA-degradation happens under humid conditions so specimens coming from deserts, and in polar regions or any other setting with similar conditions would produce more intact DNA specimens and more successful DNA analysis. Other conserving factors include anaerobic conditions such as that in Florida during the kinship analysis and the quantity of possible DNA specimens such in mummies (Kiesslich, n.d.). The less a specimen is affected by diagenetic processes, the more intact and well-preserved it will be when used for DNA-analysis. This is the reason why teeth and bones are commonly used for DNA-analysis. Their structure, and rigidity as well as the little hollow spaces with single cells, which undergo individual post-mortem mummification (Kiesslich, n.d.). In addition, these specimens are less affected by natural contamination during the life of the individual as well as post-mortem contaminations. Contemporary contaminations in the specimens can also be easily removed before extracting the DNA. As noted earlier, teeth and bones are suitable material sources for the determination of gender and for any other DNA-analysis (Kiesslich, n.d.). In molecular archaeology as well as in any other field that require genetic analysis, collection of samples and pre-treatment require maximum precautions. This is to prevent contemporary errors which are possible sources of errors. Errors are especially crucial in DNA-analysis since specimens are not infinite (Kiesslich, n.d.). One simple precaution is to wear gloves and safety-masks. Also, tools and containers that will be used in the analysis should be sterile and free from other DNA contaminants. It must also be remembered that probing of specimens should be done directly at the excavation site, sealed and only opened until it get to the laboratory. All these should be obligatory to prevent contamination and thus, errors (Kiesslich, n.d.) There are many procedures for the extraction of DNA from material sources. Naturally, speciments are cleaned first to remove physical contaminants such as soil and dirt. Specimens are then homogenized and placed in an extraction buffer. This extraction buffer contains compounds that are necessary for the breaking of the source-matrix. The breaking of the source matrix is done by decalcification or and proteinase-digestion. The end product is the extracted solubilized DNA (Kiesslich, n.d.). Similar to extraction, isolation and purification are also done through different procedures. Before doing the process, the chemical and physical conditions of the source material must first be evaluated. This is another preventive procedure to minimize errors from contaminants. Once the DNA in the source material has been purified and contained in an aqueous solution, substances that are co-extracted with the DNA including humic acids and other chemicals which have similar properties with the DNA must be removed to avoid false negatives in PCR reactions. These co-extrants could also inhibit enzymatic reactions (Kiesslich, n.d.). The most powerful tool for the investigation of DNA is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) because of its sensitivity which allows even a single intact DNA enough for detection. The PCR is an amplification procedure that is sequence specific. â€Å"Here, sequence specific DNA probes are added to reactions considering reaction parameters necessary for the process†. Through this, the target sequence is amplified until detectable amounts are obtained. However, further care must be done in order to avoid contamination, particularly contemporary ones. Contemporary contaminants are better preserved in the PCR. To manage this, blank extracts and zero-controls must be done for every extraction. In sum, controls are necessary to for the verification of the authenticity of the results and in order to trace possible contaminations that are present (Kiesslich, n.d.). Zero-controls are PCR-reactions which do not contain the DNA being analyzed (Kiesslich, n.d.). They are blank extracts which contain everything that is required for the reaction used in the DNA-analysis such as solutions and buffers. In the same way as the source material, these controls undergo the same extraction steps. Much has been transformed by the discovery of DNA. In the past, archaeological investigations may be limited to the physical level. Today, it has reached the era when Archaeology intersects with Molecular Biology. There are still lots of evidences to discover. history is still filled with gaps. With the advent of Molecular Archaeology, strands may just be made and gaps may just be filled. References Christianson, B. (2007). Molecular Archaeology. Minnesota State University. Retrieved 23 October 2007 from http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/archaeology/moleculararchaeology.html. Faerman, M., D. Filon, et al. (1995). Sex identification of archaeological human remains based on amplification of the X and Y amelogenin alleles. Gene, 167, (1-2): 327-32. Kiesslich, J. (n.d.). The Emerging Field of Molecular Archaeology. Retrieved 23 October Saiki, R. K., D. H. Gelfand, et al. (1988). Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science,   239, (4839): 487-91. Stern, B. (2001). Organic Residues in Egyptian Amphorae. University of Bradford. Retrieved 23 October 2007 from http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/depart/resgrp/molarch/egypt.html. The Advent of Molecular Archaeology. (2005). Retrieved 23 October 2007 from http://humanitieslab.stanford.edu/2/184.   

An Analysis of the Dramatic Impact of the Restaurant Scene in Death of a Salesman Essay

Death of a Salesman was first performed in 1949 and was seen to be a powerful and moving piece of drama. I will now be going through the appeal and the impact of the play. First of all, the book of Death of a Salesman can be said to be a universal book, in the sense that it has broad range of themes and is a book for everybody. It has all sorts of aspects, and real life situations that one has to take in mind. Lets first look at the characters. Willy Loman is an insecure and self-deluding travelling salesman. Despite him desperately searching through his past, he is not the typical tragic hero that we have come to depict. He is rather a man who doesn’t achieve self-realization and self-knowledge. He fails to realize his personal failure, and an emotional and spiritual understanding of himself. Willy’s crucial problem is the failure to understand the anguished love that is offered to him. This is the real problem, and tragedy of the play. In the end, he is forced to making the most extreme sacrifice to allow Biff to follow the American Dream. In the end, we remember him by his quote that he made to Charley, â€Å"after all the highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you’re worth more dead than alive†. Biff Loman essentially wants to seek the truth about himself. While the father and brother alike, are in their self-delusional selves, and are unable to accept the miserable lives that they have, Biff accepts failure and confronts it. Essentially, Biff’s discovery of Willy’s affair drains him of all the faith he had in Willy. Willy sees Biff as an underachiever, and a person that could rise to the top, but Biff on the other hand sees himself trapped in his father’s unrealistic ambitions. Biff’s general identity crisis is a major aspect in the drama. In order to find it, he must expose his father’s delusions. Happy Loman is seen as Willy’s incarnation but with all his worst aspects. He is a difficult character to emphasize. He is a one-dimensional and emotionless character in the play. His empty vow at the end, which says he will â€Å"beat this racket†, is the full embodiment of the lie in which is the American Dream. He has blind ambitions, and is swallowed up by his lies that he is the assistant buyer, when in fact he is just an assistant to the assistant buyer, and is a no body. He is also depicted in this quote, â€Å" My own apartment, a car, and plenty of women, and still, goddamit, I’m lonely†. This idea represents that in fact, Happy has not got such a delightful life, as we have come to conclude, but in fact, he has an inner-emptiness. He feels as though he is a failure, and knows it, just like Willy, but never admits it. Linda Loman is one of the more reasonable characters in the play. She symbolises the need for patience and reason, as well as being the most realistic. She is practically the emotional core of the play. Well, the analysis of these characters should give an idea of what the play portrays. Here is the impact and the appeal, along with the major themes. The play is very much a mix of all sorts of different things, tragedy, social commentary and family drama. The American Dream is one of the most talked about issues in the entire play. Essentially, Willy depicts the American Dream very well. He believes wholeheartedly in what he considers its promise. He believes that a â€Å"well liked† and â€Å"personally attractive† man in business will indubitably possess all the material wealth and possessions that the world has to offer. However, his constant obsession with the vision of a superficial man with the qualities of being well liked and personally attractive is farfetched. Rather, a more understandable man would have depicted the American Dream as being identified as, hard working and positive approaching that leads to success. Eventually it is this very denial of how life works that destroys Willy. He approaches Bernard as a nerd because he studies hard and tries for success. Yet when he finds that Bernard reaches promise and success, and when he looks at his own life, he is left in a disparity, as he realises what a blind and fake kind of vision he lived for. It is actually this very idea that can be very appealing. It teaches a lesson about life, success and failure. How a man, fixed on a blind vision, realises that it is not superficial values that create a successful man, it is the desire to be the best, to want to learn, to strive for success, rather than wait for it. It is this very concept, in which we see a man crumble to a grinding halt. It is actually a truly remarkable aspect, as in it makes you think about life’s goals, and it is the educated people that prosper, not the fake. Another major issue in the play is betrayal. In the play, Willy constantly believes that Biff has betrayed him, in the sense that Biff hasn’t followed his ambitions and dreams that he had for him. Willy believes Biff has to follow his dreams and his path, and the moment Biff tries to reject this, he takes it personally, and says it’s spite. Overall, Willy fails as a salesman, to ultimately, sell the American Dream to his son. Then, Willy assumes that Biff has betrayed him because of his discovery of his affair with The Women. Whereas, Biff, who called Willy â€Å"a phoney little fake† believes Willy, with his unending ego-stroking lies, betrays him. What interests here, is the relationship between father and son. Here we have, a son dying for the truth and being realistic about what and who he is, confronting a father, surrounded by his own self-delusions about the American Dream, and to force it upon his son. This is a very interesting concept, which puts up the idea that Willy has really betrayed Biff, firstly because of his affair, which hurt Biff so much, as he loved his father and mother dearly, and also the fact that Biff is not given the chance to be realistic about himself and his family. I think it is the relations between father and son that are most interesting here. Another issue in the play, that the audience will notice, is abandonment. When Willy is a child, his father, leaving him and Ben alone, abandons him. Ben eventually leaves for Alaska, and Willy is left pondering over his warped vision of the American Dream. Thus, he tries desperately to prove it to his family, and Biff, who Willy loves dearly and has great ambitions for, drops Willy with his dreams when he finds out his betrayal to Linda. Finally, in the restaurant scene, which will be mentioned later, Willy finally believes his American Dream is coming to light, but all his illusions are shattered, and he is left babbling in the washroom. It seems that every abandonment causes great despair over Willy. It actually quite saddens the audience when they see this lonely figure of a man, living up to his fake dreams, to be shattered and let down by those dearest to him. What is interesting, is that how we come about seeing this. His abandonment by his sons can be seen to be his incapability of being realistic about life, and that is one of the main reasons why Biff is uneasy towards Willy. The fact that he is always in unrealistic dreams. So generally, it can be interpreted in different ways. One interesting point I would like to make is that Willy has this tendency to mythologize figures. In the play he has a very important quote, â€Å" And when I saw that, I realized that selling was the greatest career a man could want. Cause what could be more satisfying than to be able to go, at the age of eighty-four, into twenty or thirty different cities, and pick up the phone, and to be remembered and loved and helped by so many different people?† Willy speaks of Dave Singleman here, as a legend and the embodiment of the American Dream. Here is his mistake. His failure to understand his own life, leads to his demise. Willy fails to realise the loneliness, and hopelessness of Singleman’s job. It is that very failure to realise this, that sees both his sons abandon his fake Dream. It is also the fact that he mythologizes Biff and Happy. He is quoted as saying Biff is like Adonis and Happy like Hercules. This is because he believes Biff and Happy to be the absolute embodiment of the American Dream. He sees them as being perfect in every way required, but the reality is extremely different. Moreover, the fact that there includes many different types of symbols also makes you think. It can be said that the rubber hose is an important symbol in itself, as it constantly reminds us of Willy’s desperate attempts to commit suicide. Here, the rubber hose represents the attempts at killing himself with gas, which is, the supplier of his families basic needs. This very idea of inhaling gas is the concept that Willy thinks, is a crucial battle to afford such simple necessities. Diamonds are what I find, extremely puzzling. These diamonds represent two things to Willy. They are, the validation of ones labour, and the ability to pass actual material goods to children. They are both what Willy is craving for. On the other hand however, they are a representation of the discovery of Ben in Alaska, and Willy’s desperate failure as a Salesman. The mistake of Willy, essentially what he feels as well, is that he didn’t go with Ben to Alaska and peruse the American Dream for which he craved so much. Instead, he stayed for what the Dream promised, financial security. So, at the end Ben encourages Willy to enter the Jungle and obtain the diamond, thus, to kill himself for the insurance money to make his life meaningful in at least one sense. So, these ideas were the key concepts of the play. This is exactly what makes it a fantastically interesting and complicated piece of drama. The fact, that so many lessons are learned, so many ideas are played, so many themes and genres are come across. These are what make Death of a Salesman, a truly magnificent piece of writing. It is the fact that it takes the audience into a whole bundle of new ideas and aspects to consider that makes it remarkable. The fact also, that it is set in the 1980’s makes it even more interesting. It depicts the typical nature of the American Dream. Arthur Miller (the author) tries to get the idea across that the American Dream is nothing but an illusion; it is hard working that really matters. Maybe some time ago it was the case, but not now. This idea is clearly implied throughout the book. For example there is Biff’s struggle to get the concept of realism across to his father, there is Happy’s lies and failure, also Bernard’s excellent success, and also Charley’s success even when he was not well liked, and finally, Willy’s failure in life. It is all these ideas that make the play truly astonishing. Now, after describing the play as a whole, I will move on to the restaurant scene, one of the most important scenes in the entire play. It is the climax of the whole Drama. I will first describe the scene then explain and comment on it with quotes. It starts of with the scene in Frank’s Chop House. After Happy meets a particular girl, Miss Forsythe, Biff explains to Happy that he waited six hours to see Bill Oliver, and Oliver didn’t even remember him. He quotes after that, â€Å" I even believed myself that I’d been a salesman for him! And then he gave me one look and- I realized what a ridiculous lie my whole life has been. We’ve been talking in a dream for fifteen years, I was a shipping clerk.† Biff asks where he ever got the idea that he was a salesman for Oliver, he was only a shipping clerk. However, it was Willy’s lies and exaggerations that led him to believe he was a salesman when he actually wasn’t. Then Biff accounts how he stole Bill Oliver’s fountain pen and was disgusted with himself. Happy tells Biff to go tell Willy lies, and say he is thinking about the preposition and then Willy will eventually forget the whole matter. When Willy arrives, he reveals the shocking news, â€Å"I’m not interested in stories about the past or any crap of that kind because the woods are burning, boys, you understand? There’s a big blaze going on all around. I was fired today†. After that he states he needs some good news to go back to Linda with, because he is essentially in disparity, and his life is wrecked. Then everything goes off. Willy says to Biff that he can’t blame him because he is the one who failed math. Young Bernard appears in Willy’s flashback, telling the news to Linda, that Birnbaum flunked Biff. Biff gets completely confused at his father’s crazy statements, and tries to calm him down and explain the truth to him, but it reaches a stage where Willy refuses to listen to Biff’s story. In an absolute frenzy, Willy goes into a state of delirium and has a semi-daydream about the discovery of The Woman in the Boston hotel. Biff backs down, and then desperately starts to lie in an attempt to save his father, â€Å"Oliver talked to his partner about the Florida idea. You listening? He-he talked to his partner, and came to me†¦ I’m going to be all right, you hear? Dad, listen to me, he said it was a question of amount!† Then, when Biff can’t lie anymore, because he is afraid that Willy will get hurt, Willy is insulted by Biff, thinking it is spite and lashes out at his son, he quotes â€Å"You rotten little louse, are you spiting me?† whereas Biff would never do that, because he loves his father and only wants to help him. Then Willy goes off into the washroom and talks to himself. Biff returns to Happy in the Chop House, and accuses Happy of not caring about his father. Essentially Biff reveals the real character that Happy is. Biff tells him in a crucial quote, â€Å" I sense it, you don’t give a goddam about him.† Happy says he should go out with the ladies. Biff leaves in guilt and anguish. Happy claims to the ladies that Willy is not his father, â€Å"he’s just a guy† and then he frantically asks for the bill, Stanley doesn’t respond, so they all leave, and Willy is left babbling in the washroom alone. So, before I get on to the scene with The Woman, I want to explain this. First of all, as Willy has encountered Howard, Bernard and Charley, and has seen their success, his dreams are seriously dented. His illusions and constructed reality is falling apart. Biff wants to essentially leave behind all the lies and fake illusions and start a new beginning, one with his father relating to honesty. Willy, however, wants his sons to aid him in constructing a false truth. One that includes reliving the American Dream for him. Willy takes Biff so far, as to produce a false report of the interview with Bill Oliver and Happy is very willing to accept. When Biff starts to produce a negative report, Happy jumps in with positive remarks to keep the talk going, he quotes, â€Å"Sure pop, sure, he told him my Florida idea†. He comes up with false information about the interview, and here, it is absolutely clear that he has only his own interests in mind, however the damning evidence comes la ter. After a moment of weakness and defeat, Willy’s ultimate fear is lived in the restaurant. He is in an emotional breakdown, and needs Biff and Happy to give him confidence, as he knows he is not liked anymore, and he knows it better than anybody. Eventually we see the state of abandonment as before, when Biff and Happy reject him. Willy’s dream is coming apart, and Happy and Biff have dented it more than any other. For Biff, the experience of finding out the truth about himself and the fact that he is not a salesman for Bill Oliver, makes him even more determined to crack the lies that surround him, at any cost. Willy refuses to hear out Biff because he wants to stay in delusions. He doesn’t want the truth, because he realises how bitter it is, and he knows it. Essentially it can be said that he can’t handle the truth. On top of that Biff doesn’t want to hear Willy’s lies because he is tired of them, he doesn’t want them repeated and repeated. He wants his Dad to realise him. Biff believes, that he must conquer the heavy lies put on him, and realise the truth about his personal degradation. Both Willy and Biff know the differences between the death of a salesman in Singleman and Willy’s own pathetic vision of death. The basis here is that Biff understands that behind the American Dream lies a lonely, and terrible death, one that Singleman himself had. Happy and Linda want Willy to die as he is, in delusions and false truth, but Biff is determined to reach the real truth. Now, this is essentially what is going on in this scene. Biff tries desperately to uncover the lies about himself and Willy, but Willy won’t let him explain. It’s as almost if Willy doesn’t want to hear. Another point to add is that before Biff tries to explain things, we find out he is slightly on alcohol and nervous, and it is essentially because he wants to say he is worthless, a no body, and a bum, something that his father will not accept. Biff tries to explain but Willy won’t let him. This implies Willy is saying, I want to stay in illusions, I’m empty, I don’t want to know the truth. Biff then quotes, ‘His answer was- Dad you’re not letting me tell you what I want you to hear!’ This is very interesting, because Biff is about to tell a half lie, but that’s not what he wants to do, because he wants to get straight. He wants to come out with the truth, and he also loves his father, and doesn’t want to hurt him. With the key line of ‘he’s just a guy’ Happy shows himself as a distorted, thinner image of Willy. However, Willy has a good side to him, his love for his family, and his sense of humour are his good sides. Overall, this scene where we see Biff and Happy, can be said to be the emotional climax of the whole play, as many different ideas and concepts are revealed. Now, I will be describing the scene where Willy is left alone in the rest room, and is in a flashback. When his sons have departed from the Chop House, Willy is left alone in his daydreams and flashbacks about Biff’s visit to Boston. In his daydream he is in a hotel room in Boston with his mistress. After telephoning repeatedly, Biff is knocking on the door. The Woman pesters Willy to go answer. We learn something new about her, as she quotes, â€Å" You know you ruined me, Willy? From now on, whenever you come to the office, I’ll see that you go right through to the buyers. No waiting at my desk any more, Willy. You ruined me.† She doesn’t ‘t actually mean Willy ruined her, but it is just a sort of joke. However, this means, that Willy met her in a buyer’s office and she was presumably, the secretary. Willy is clearly nervous about the surprise visitor, and he orders her to stay in the washroom because it might be a clerk investigating their affair. Willy answers the door and Biff is there. He tells Willy he flunked maths and asks Willy to persuade the teacher, Mr. Birnbaum, to pass him. Then Willy quotes, â€Å"Come on, let’s go downstairs and get you a malted.† Willy is clearly trying to get Biff out of the room quickly. When Biff imitates the maths teacher, The Woman laughs in the bathroom. Willy insists that it is nothing. The Woman suddenly enters the room. Willy quickly pushes her out into the hall way and says that she is a buyer staying in a room next door who needed to shower in Willy’s room, because her room was being painted. Biff then, astonished, sits on his suitcase, crying silently, and not buying his father’s lies at all. Willy says he will go talk to the math teacher, but in tears, Biff says he should forget it. The most harmful blow was when he quoted, â€Å" You-you gave her Mamas stockings!† Then he quotes, â€Å" You fake! You phoney little fake! You fake!† Biff leaves in tears, and Willy is left on the floor quoting, â€Å" I gave you an order! Biff, come back here or I’ll beat you! Come back here! I’ll whip you!† Stanley pulls Willy out of his daydream. Willy is still on his knees yelling and ordering Biff. Stanley pulls him back up, and Willy attempts to tip him, but Stanley sneakily puts it back into Willy’s pocket. Willy asks him frantically where a seed store is, he must plant something, he quotes, and â€Å"Nothing’s planted I don’t have a thing in the ground† So, what did this all mean? Well, Biff discovers the affair of Willy and calls him â€Å"phoney little fake†, so, this means that he suddenly, at that moment, realises what’s beneath Willy’s facade and despises the man behind it. This is what saddens Willy the most, to be exposed in that way. From then on, Willy decides that the reason for Biff rejecting his illusions and the reason for his failure in life is because of what he found out. Of course, in logic, Biff hated Willy for his affair, and therefore hated his ambitions and dreams as well. In this way, Willy mixes up professional with personal. Willy, in his understanding of the American Dream, believes that it has no need for professional success; rather, he thinks that one can derive happiness without these things. Essentially, he thinks success derives from immaterial and ephemeral concepts, of being â€Å"well liked† and having â€Å"personal attractiveness†. Willy believes, that because Biff doesn’t respect him anymore, as a father or person, he automatically rejects the American Dream. However, Willy is correct. This knowledge of the crime that Willy has committed tarnishes any emotional aspects, so therefore Biff rejects the whole idea of the fake American Dream, that Willy is so desperate to sell. Another aspect is the symbol of Linda’s stockings. Earlier in the play, Willy was preoccupied with the state of Linda’s stockings and her mending them. Until the restaurant scene, which is the most climatic scene where Biff tries to uncover all the lies surrounding the Loman household, the only subconscious trace of Willy’s adultery is the complete and utter persistence to throw away Linda’s stockings. These stockings are the ultimate symbol of betrayal and guilt, which overpowers Willy. When Biff then rejects his ambitions for him and the American Dream, his Dream also starts to crack. Willy’s delirious interest in the seed shop and the end reveals a lot about him. At that moment Willy is a failure. He is poor, unemployed and has nothing to give to his sons. He tries to give Stanley a dollar to portray to him at least that he does own something. However, it was a pretty pathetic and feeble attempt. Stanley though doesn’t accept it, because at that time he feels dear to Willy since both sons have left him. In addition, the failure to raise Biff the way he wanted means he has to plant some vegetables at least, to prove his labour and to raise something successfully. The quote at the end, â€Å"Nothing’s planted. I don’t have a thing in the ground†, is implying how Biff was able to break free of his American Dream, and the traditions of his family. Finally, the metaphor represents Willy’s natural preferences to do manual labour, and that being a salesman, was definitely the wrong choice to go with. So, I have come to an end and the only conclusion that I can make of the play, is that it is a fantastically good idea. The themes have an extraordinary range. These include betrayal, the American Dream, material success, commerce, truth vs. lies/fantasy, family, instinct, work, death and ‘dying well’. I’ll end with a quote made by Biff, which summed up Willy very well, â€Å"He had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong.† Background Information: The whole play addresses many painful conflicts regarding the American national values. It offers a post war personal tragedy reading. I think mostly; Miller is concerned with America revolving around the false myth that is based on capitalism and materialism constructed by the post war economy. A type of view, which was held highly by the founders of America. The challenge of the American Dream was very radical at the time of World War II. Radical as it was, many of the artists and philosophers took up the idea of realistic views and personal meaning. At that time this was unusual, and the government didn’t like the idea, they had confusion already in the country. However, many people, even then, had so many conflicts, which included racial and economical, that they couldn’t take up the idea of a social reformation. Many people still kept their ideological interests in hand. However in this day and age, it is obvious that the ideas of people like Arthur Miller have been put into practise, and now, the emphasis is of the American Dream is that it only works if you want to succeed and get to the top by working hard and being positive that you will do well. So, as a final comment, I think that Arthur Miller’s ideas and concepts managed to change the way people think about how society and families work, and what are the values to keep in mind.